Wednesday, October 30, 2019

You have been recently appointed as Human Resource Managment (HRM) Essay

You have been recently appointed as Human Resource Managment (HRM) Director of a company which has recognised that it has problem with low workforce motivation - Essay Example Employee motivation is inducement or incentive which may be self-generated or influenced by external forces, that fuels satisfaction and inherent urge towards improvement in performance. Productivity is defined as â€Å"the efficient as well as the effective use of resources to achieve outcomes† (Berman et al, 2005: 309). Productivity depends on the quality of human resources, and their levels of performance. In contemporary organizations, there is increasing emphasis on implementing high performance work practices, taking into consideration all aspects of organizational operations. The purpose of this paper is to examine employee motivation and its impact on organizational productivity; suggest HRM policies, based on relevant theories, that can be introduced in a company with a problem of low workforce motivation and poor workforce productivity, for improving both motivation and productivity. To underscore the importance of human resources management in motivation and subsequent productivity, theories have been formulated on the content and process motivational models by various theorists such as â€Å"Abraham Maslow, Frederick Herzberg, Douglas McGregor, Victor Vroom, Lyman Porter, and Edward Lawler† (Petrick & Furr, 1995: 10). Earlier, the â€Å"content† theories attempted to explain motivation at work in terms of the events, goals, needs and motivators, and â€Å"process† theories were concerned with behaviour at work resulting from employees’ choices; and how different kinds of events, conditions or outcomes motivate behaviour. Thus, the work of the theorists Maslow, Herzberg and others underlined managerial concern for employee satisfaction towards motivation and improvement in performance and productivity (Lashley, 2001: 192). According to the needs-based theory of the process of motivation, it is initiated by the conscious or unconscious recognition of unsatisfied

Monday, October 28, 2019

Discussion of the history of cosmetics Essay Example for Free

Discussion of the history of cosmetics Essay The dawn of modern cosmetics began divided into the following categories: Grolier (2005: 188-191). a. Powders face powder usually contains talk, chalk, kaolin, and mixtures of zinc oxide, titanium oxide and various powdered pigments. Properly prepared, this mixture spreads easily, adheres to the skin, and absorbs some moisture. b. Emulsions these are fine particles of oil dispersed in water. Vanishing creams and cold creams are examples of emulsions. Thinner emulsions, which contain more water relative to the oil content, are used as cleansing lotions and hand creams. c. Lipsticks this is made up of oils, such as castor oil, mixed with waxes and pigments or dyes, and hardened into molds. Since the materials used in manufacturing lipsticks are actually taken into the body, the choice of ingredients is limited to those which are known or assumed to be non-toxic. d. Eye Makeup these are eyebrow pencils, eye shadow, and mascara are, like lipstick, compounds of oil, wax and pigments. They, too, must be made of non-toxic or non-injurious materials. Cosmetics have come a long way in modern history and played a significant role in adorning both men and women for various occasions. It has been so widely-used that its functions have traversed into extremes for beautification purposes – it can either conceal or flaunt an asset of a person. It can serve as mask or a highlighter. This just means that it has the ability to change the appearance of the person according to the manner it was used. At the end of the day, personal psyche dictates that every person intends or strives to become pleasant to the eyes of the millions of people around him or her. What is beautiful has also changed over the years. The definition of what is beautiful goes across regions, beliefs, religion and societal perceptions. Burke (2003:75-77): According to the twentieth century philosopher Charles Hartshorne, â€Å"Beauty is the centerpiece of this classical trinity and that nothing in our experience is exempt from the touch of the beautiful†. Beyond aesthetics, what is beautiful is how one perceives it to be, in that if he or she can find beauty in there. Therefore, the quality of what is beautiful has emerged from mere prettiness or elaborate ornamentation into an instrument of life towards survival in the continuous evolution of life in this planet. It can be found that the link between biology and beauty has dictated the development of humans and other species. Scientific studies strengthens the debate that the beautiful will emerge as the survivors given that their counterparts find them more attractive than the rest and that they are perceived to produce the most beautiful offsprings. In this biological quest for a successful and healthy reproduction process, the preference is indeed given to those mates who appear healthy. A healthy individual is visually manifested in their skin and hair, by the movement of their body, by a proportioned and toned body. These are the people judged to be beautiful. If the experts are correct in these assumptions or scientific observations, men usually look for women who appear young and fertile. This is where cosmetics leverage onto. Burke (2003:75-77): The cosmetic industry tries to address this so-called â€Å"need† that women continue to appear young despite already going beyond their fertile or child-bearing years. Nevertheless, beyond the need to reproduce our genes, the core of beauty still delves on the ability of a person to identify and bring out the beauty in their lives. We need not generate only life in this world, but also generate beauty that will make life even more worthwhile. It is the appreciation of beauty in our surroundings even without the use of any form of artificial adornment such as cosmetics that will enable one to realize the beauty of life, that it is worth-knowing and worth living after all. Given how important the nation for beauty is perceived across nations, and beyond borders, how cosmetics value this perception and its effects to the human well-being is crucial. Dermatological diseases have sprung in the recent years that come in a range from minor cosmetic problems to even life-threatening problems, as displayed in some disorders commonly due to skin differentiation processes. Zeeuwen (2004:176). With this statement, one should also be vigilant and be a knowledgeable end-user of these products that attempt to change certain elements of your natural state of appearance or being to some extent. The law of economics reminds us that with in every level of quality increased, price is directly affected as it is directly correlated.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Advertising, What Is It ? :: Free Essay Writer

Advertising, What Is It ? Advertisements are methods used to commercialize a product or anything else, such as AA meetings, a garage sale, etc. Advertising is used mainly to influence specific audience or all audiences to buy the product. For example, my product is advertising Reebok and is concentrating on people who play American Football. The advertisement is using the testimonial* method to advertise Reebok. The purpose for advertising is to commercialize a product or anything else to a certain audience or to any audiences. Another purpose for advertising is to persuade people to buy the product so that you'll get more money. A third purpose is to make the company a bigger name by getting more buyers. For example, the purpose of my advertisement is to persuade any American Football players to buy Reebok. I think advertising is necessary in the point of view of a company owner. Because for his company to prosper, he needs buyers, and without advertising he'll have less buyers which will slow down his company's growth. But in my opinion, I don't think advertising is necessary because we can live with less products. It might even be better with no advertisements because T.V shows and basketball games would be on continuously without any commercial interruptions. For example, my advertisement is advertising Reebok, but I don't need it, I can live with slippers or nothing at all; nevertheless, wearing a pair of Reebok shoe would be more comfortable. I think advertising is the right to choose. When something is advertised, it does not mean that you have to buy it, but it is giving you a choice. For example, my advertisement is trying to persuade me to buy Reebok, but it is just giving me one choice of my several choices of sportswear.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

The Longest Day :: essays research papers

The Longest Day Few of God's miracles cause protests in the "scientific" community like the account of Joshua's long day - when God made the sun and moon to stand still. But science and modern technology have done more to verify this phenominal biblical fact than they have to refute it. Common sense would say it is impossible for such a major disruption to occur and not totally destroy the precise, perfect balance in the solar system. But given a God, who created the heavens and the earth, who established the rotation of the planets and stars to the fraction of a second, making the earth stop rotating for 24 hours is not such a difficult task. Yet, computer scientists in the space program and mathematicians - one a former professor at Yale University - have discovered that a whole day has been unaccountably added in time. The positions of the moon, sun, and planets have to be calculated precisely for all space shots to avoid problems in establishing the satellite's orbit. The orbit has to be calculated for the life of the satellite to avoid its running into something else in space. Using computers, scientists can tell the exact location of the planets and their moons for years into the future. By the same means, they have been able to backtrack and determine these specific locations in the past. It was during one such search that the extra day appeared. From various accounts of the incident, it appears that something "did not compute." The extra day was just there. There was no computer malfunction; there was no explanation for the interruption of normal time patterns. When this apparent error appeared and no explanation was forthcoming, one of the scientists related that he had studied in Sunday School about time standing still. A preposterous idea to scientists, but faced with no other explanation, they asked him to show them the story. In the story in the tenth chapter of the book of Joshua, Joshua had asked God to make the sun and moon stand still to enable Joshua to defeat his enemies. Joshua 10:13 says, "And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies... So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day." There was the extra day that science couldn't account for. But scientists are more exact than that. The term, "about a whole day" was not close enough for them. They rechecked their computers, going back to the time when the story was

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Socio Economic Conditions Of Organic And Inorganic Farmers Environmental Sciences Essay

Organic agriculture is known to successful direction of resources for agribusiness to fulfill the altering human demands while keeping or heightening the quality of environment and conserving natural resources. Hence, organic agriculture is one of the several attacks found to run into the aims of sustainable agribusiness and which is capable of keeping its productiveness and utility to society over the long tally. The educated and higher caste respondents are more cognizant of organic farming strategy so that benefits of organic agriculture are being utilized by the husbandmans who are good off in the society. Furthermore, organic agriculture strategy is more popular among those husbandmans socially and economically more progress in the society and holding big size land retentions. Human communities, no affair how sophisticated, could non disregard the importance of agribusiness. To be far farm reliable beginnings of nutrient was to put on the line malnutrition and famishment hence, the cardinal footing of community is agriculture, cultivated land of the dirt ( Abdul Baha, 1912 ) 1. Agribusiness is one of human sort ‘s most basic activities because all people need to nurture themselves daily. History, civilization and community values are embedded in agribusiness. The rules apply to agriculture in the wide sense, including the manner people tend dirts, H2O, workss and animate beings in order to bring forth, fix and administer nutrient and the other goods. Socio economic conditions of husbandmans like instruction, caste, size of household, size of land retention, capital stock etc. influence on the agriculture system. The green revolution brought technological discovery to India ‘s farms but the early promises could non be sustained and finally cost increased and husbandmans were forced into a spiral of higher usage of man-made agrochemicals, higher costs, reduced fringy outputs and finally to indebtedness. Farmers and communities faced many socio-economic jobs, peculiarly little husbandmans who found themselves progressively marginalized due to deficiency of entree to external inputs ( Muhammad Asim Yasin 2007 ) 2. Thippeswamy. E* Associate Professor, FMKMC College Madikeri-571201 Kodagu Dr. K.B Rangappa** Deputy Registrar, Davangere University Davangere. Consequently, the farming community was looking for alternate methods to cut down the dependance on dearly-won external inputs and increase the productiveness of agribusiness. At this occasion, the authorities of India and many province authoritiess have initiated programmes to advance the organic agriculture. Organic agribusiness holds the cardinal to rural transmutation and sustainable development in India. More late, the authorities of Karnataka has keener to promote the husbandmans to follow the organic agriculture methods through the organic agriculture programme. In this context the survey has been undertaken to analyze the organic and inorganic agriculture respondents ‘ socio-economic conditions in Shimoga territory of Karnataka. The paper has been presented in four parts i.e. in the first portion debut, aims and methodological analysis in the 2nd portion and followed by the treatment of consequences and decision in the 3rd and 4th parts severally. Aims of the survey The survey has been based on following aims 1. To cognize the construct of organic agriculture 2. To compare the instruction and caste profile of organic and inorganic husbandmans 3. To compare the size of land retentions of the organic and inorganic husbandmans Methodology of the Study This survey is based on both primary and secondary informations. Primary informations have been collected from the 420 respondents during 2011-2012. Of these, 210 respondents are following organic methods and staying 210 respondents are inorganic husbandmans. Pre tested agenda was used to collected information through personal interview. The husbandmans who have been practising organic agriculture for the last three old ages are being selected and collected the information for reappraisal. Farmers who are utilizing merely organic inputs without using inorganic inputs in their agriculture patterns are categorized as organic husbandmans. Those husbandmans who are utilizing inorganic inputs along with organic inputs termed as inorganic husbandmans. Secondary informations have collected from the NGO, Farmers Associations and the Agricultural Department, Government of Karnataka. Consequences and Discussion Concept of Organic agriculture Organic agriculture is a popular signifier of sustainable agribusiness all over the universe and non new to Indian agriculture community. It has really long history even during Vedic period our farming community practiced organic agriculture. Several signifiers of organic agriculture are being successfully practiced in diverse clime, peculiarly in rain Federal, tribal, mountains and hill countries of the state. However, in recent yearss, many good known minds, scientists and economic experts have defined organic agriculture in different ways. There are following Definitions of Organic Farming â€Å" Organic agriculture is a production system which avoids or mostly excludes the usage of synthetically compounded fertilisers, pesticides, growing regulators and farm animal provender additives. To the maximal extent executable, organic agriculture system rely upon harvest rotary motions, harvest residues, carnal manures, leguminous plants, green manure, away farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivations, mineral bearing stones and facets of biological plague control to keep dirt productiveness and tilth, to provide works foods and to command insects, weeds and other plagues † ( USDA,1980 ) 3. This is important one and clearly revealed that organic agribusiness is one of several attacks to sustainable agribusiness and many of the techniques used ( e.g. rotary motion of harvests, double-digging, mulching, integrating of harvests and farm animal ) are practiced under assorted agricultural systems. The Codex Alimentarius Commission ( 1999 ) 4 defined that â€Å" Organic agribusiness is a holistic production direction system which promotes and enhances agro-eco system wellness, including biodiversity, biological rhythm and dirty biological activity. It emphasizes the usage of direction patterns in penchants to the usage of off-farm inputs, taking into history that regional conditions require locally adopted systems. This is accomplished by utilizing, where possible, agronomic, biological and mechanical methods, as opposed to utilizing man-made stuffs, to carry through any specific map within the system † . Therefore basic regulations of organic production are that natural inputs are approved and man-made inputs are prohibited, nevertheless there are some exclusions. Lampkin ( 1994 ) 5 late defined organic agriculture that the purpose is â€Å" to make incorporate, humane, environmentally sustainable production systems, which maximize trust on farm-derived renewable resources and the direction of ecological and biological procedures and interactions, so as to supply acceptable degrees of harvest, farm animal and human nutrition, protection from plagues and disease and an appropriate return to the human and other resources † . From the definitions clearly understand the construct, methods and stuffs are used in organic agriculture and it is merely a polite word for sustainable agribusiness. It is, hence, as a sustainable agribusiness is capable of keeping its productiveness and utility to society over the long tally. It must be environmentally sound, resource conserving, economically feasible and socially supportive and commercially competitory. The Principle purposes of organic production ( Farming ) and Processing The followers are of import purposes of organic production. To bring forth nutrient of high quality in sufficient measure. To interact in a constructive and life-enhancing manner with natural systems and rhythm. To see the wider societal and ecological impact of the organic production and processing system. To promote and heighten biological rhythms within the agriculture system, affecting micro-organisms, dirt vegetations and zoologies, workss and animate beings. To develop a valuable and sustainable aquatic ecosystem. To keep and increase long-run birthrate of dirts. To keep the familial diverseness of the production system and its milieus, including the protection of workss and wild life home grounds. To advance the healthy usage and proper attention of H2O, H2O resources and all life at that place in. To utilize, every bit far as possible, renewable resources in locally organized production systems. To make a harmonious balance between harvest production and carnal farming. To give all farm animal conditions of life with due considerations for the basic facets of their unconditioned behaviour. To minimise all signifiers of pollution. To treat organic merchandises utilizing renewable resources. To bring forth fabrics which are long permanent and of good quality. To let everyone involved in organic production and treating a quality of life which meets their basic demands and allows an equal return and satisfaction from their work, including a safe working environment. To come on towards an full production, processing and distribution concatenation which is both socially merely ecologically responsible ( Source IFOAM, 1998 ) 6. Organic agribusiness in general is a system of harvest and farm animal production that promotes and enhances the wellness of agricultural ecosystems while supplying wellness nutrient and reflects the profound inter relationship that exists between farm biology, its production and the overall environment. It is by and large believed that organic agriculture with its cardinal focal point on keeping and bettering dirt wellness, its turning away of pollutants, and its trust on local inputs and labor could materially progress the economic and ecological wellness. The inorganic agriculture, it is progressively felt, is going unsustainable as evidenced by worsening harvest productivenesss, harm to environment, chemical taints, etc over organic agriculture. The necessity of holding an alternate agribusiness method which can work in a friendly eco-system while prolonging and increasing the harvest productiveness is realized now. Hence, organic agriculture is recognized as the best know option to the inorganic agribusiness. Education Level of Organic and Inorganic Respondents Heads of the household play a critical function in determination devising and other members of the household may supplement the determination devising procedure. Education is a cardinal index of the cognition degree of the respondents which in bend will act upon on the determination doing procedure in the acceptance of farming patterns. Respondents with higher degree of instruction will be the innovators in the acceptance of advanced agriculture patterns. Therefore, informations on the instruction degree of the respondents has been collected and the consequences are given in the tabular array 1. The instruction degree of the respondents has been chiefly classified into four classs viz. nonreaders, respondents with primary, secondary and college instruction. Zone-wise distribution of the organic and inorganic respondents across these different degrees of instruction is given in this tabular array. Table 1 Education degree of Respondents Zone Farming System Education Degree Uneducated Primary Secondary College Entire STZ Organic Farmers 01 ( 1.1 ) 18 ( 20.0 ) 27 ( 30.8 ) 44 ( 48.9 ) 90 ( 100.0 ) Inorganic Farmers 11 ( 12.2 ) 30 ( 33.3 ) 23 ( 25.6 ) 26 ( 28.9 ) 90 ( 100.0 ) Entire 12 ( 6.7 ) 48 ( 26.7 ) 50 ( 27.8 ) 70 ( 38.9 ) 180 ( 100.0 ) Hertz Organic Farmers 02 ( 1.7 ) 25 ( 20.8 ) 42 ( 35.0 ) 51 ( 42.5 ) 120 ( 100.0 ) Inorganic Farmers 16 ( 13.3 ) 62 ( 51.7 ) 27 ( 22.5 ) 15 ( 12.5 ) 120 ( 100.0 ) Entire 18 ( 7.5 ) 87 ( 36.2 ) 69 ( 28.8 ) 66 ( 27.5 ) 240 ( 100.0 ) Overall Organic Farmers 03 ( 1.4 ) 43 ( 20.5 ) 69 ( 32.9 ) 95 ( 45.2 ) 210 ( 100.0 ) Inorganic Farmers 27 ( 12.9 ) 92 ( 43.6 ) 50 ( 23.8 ) 41 ( 19.5 ) 210 ( 100.0 ) Entire 30 ( 7.1 ) 135 ( 32.1 ) 119 ( 28.4 ) 136 ( 32.4 ) 420 ( 100.0 ) Note: Figures in parentheses are per centum to number In the overall zone class, highest per centum of the respondents were holding the instruction up to the college degree ( 32.4 ) and it was followed by the primary ( 32.1 ) and so secondary instruction ( 28.4 ) . Organic respondents found to be holding comparatively higher degree of instruction compared to the inorganic husbandmans. Respondents with college degree of instruction are well more among the organic husbandmans ( 45.2 ) compared to the inorganic husbandmans ( 19.5 ) . Similar difference could be found in the secondary instruction besides. In the uneducated and primary instruction class the per centum of respondents is more among inorganic husbandmans compared to their opposite numbers in the organic husbandmans. Therefore, it could be inferred that the instruction degree of the respondents act upon the acceptance of organic agriculture system. Organic agriculture is more attractive among educated respondents than the uneducated. It is apparent that the educated respondents are more witting about nutrient and agro ecosystem thereby husbandmans with higher degree of cognition adopt the resource conserving and environmental friendly organic agriculture. Furthermore, organic agriculture strategy is more popular among husbandmans who are socially and economically travel frontward in the society. Caste wise Distribution of Respondents Caste is one of the indexs of societal position of an person. It influences on determination doing position of an person. Therefore information has been collected from the respondents about the caste position of their household. The caste of the respondents has been chiefly categorized into three groups SC & A ; ST, OBC and General class. SC & A ; ST are clubbed due to few Numberss of respondents among ST class and SC class chiefly comprises adi Karnataka, bhovi, lambani and others. ST comprises of merely nayaka community people. OBC it includes Lingayath, Okkaligas, Edigas Kuruba, Bhants, Maratas chiefly these community peoples and General chiefly comprises of Brahmins community people. The distribution of organic and inorganic respondents across the different classs is given in the tabular array 2 individually for STZ and besides HZ and pooling of these two indicate overall zone class. In the overall zone class out of 420 entire respondents 300 are found to be belonging to OBC foll owed by 74 are belonging to General and 46 are belonging to SC & A ; ST class. The important characteristic of consequences is that general class respondents histories for higher portion among the organic husbandmans ( 30.9 % ) comparison to their portion is comparatively less in inorganic agriculture group ( 4.3 % ) whereas SC & A ; ST class people histories for higher per centum in the inorganic agriculture ( 17.1 % ) group comparison to the organic agriculture ( 4.3 % ) group. It indicates that the caste is arranged hierarchal order the higher community people more inclination towards organic agriculture compared to the backward people like SC & A ; ST. It is found that higher caste people are more inclination towards the organic agriculture and backward people are still lodging to inorganic agriculture system. The disaggregated consequences for each zones STZ and HZ we can happen about similar form but particularly in hilly zone general class histories for higher in organic husbandmans ( 52.5 % ) whereas general class respondents histories for 5.8 per centum in inorganic respondents in HZ whereas SC & A ; ST respondents found merely in inorganic agriculture non in the organic agriculture. SC & A ; ST histories for 10.8 % of entire inorganic agriculture respondents in hilly zone whereas corresponding figures for organic agriculture is merely 0.8 per centum. In that zone besides there is important association between caste of the respondents and their acceptance degree of organic agriculture. Same is the instance even in the STZ besides. The most of import determination of this consequence is that higher community people more inclina tional towards organic agriculture and backward people like SC & A ; ST still they are practising inorganic agriculture. Thus it is fact that the upper caste people are more awareness about the negative effects of high external input based and unsustainable inorganic farming therefore big proportion of upper caste husbandmans exchanging over to organic agriculture than the lower caste husbandmans. Table 2: Caste wise Distribution of Sample Respondents Zone Respondents Group Caste SC & A ; ST OBC General Entire STZ Organic Farmers 09 ( 10.0 ) 79 ( 87.8 ) 02 ( 2.2 ) 90 ( 100.0 ) Inorganic Farmers 23 ( 25.6 ) 65 ( 72.2 ) 02 ( 2.2 ) 90 ( 100.0 ) Entire 32 ( 17.8 ) 144 ( 80.0 ) 04 ( 2.2 ) 180 ( 100.0 ) Hertz Organic Farmers 01 ( 0.8 ) 56 ( 46.7 ) 63 ( 52.5 ) 120 ( 100.0 ) Inorganic Farmers 13 ( 10.8 ) 100 ( 83.4 ) 07 ( 5.8 ) 120 ( 100.0 ) Entire 14 ( 5.8 ) 156 ( 65.0 ) 70 ( 29.2 ) 240 ( 100.0 ) Overall Organic Farmers 10 ( 4.8 ) 135 ( 64.3 ) 65 ( 30.9 ) 210 ( 100.0 ) Inorganic Farmers 36 ( 17.1 ) 165 ( 78.6 ) 09 ( 4.3 ) 210 ( 100.0 ) Entire 46 ( 11.0 ) 300 ( 71.4 ) 74 ( 17.6 ) 240 ( 100.0 ) Note: Figures in parentheses are per centum to number Land Holding of the Respondents In rural economic system, land is one of the of import socio-economic indexs. Size of land keeping influences the cropping form, farming patterns and acceptance of modern engineering. Data relating to the size of land retentions has been collected from the respondents. On the footing of the size of land retentions the sample respondents have been loosely categorized into little husbandmans ( & lt ; 2 hectares ) and big husbandmans ( & gt ; 2 hectare ) . The frequence distribution of respondents across the different land keeping class is presented in the tabular array 3. In the overall size class, 52.4 per centum of respondents are in little size class and the staying 47.6 per centum are in big class. Well higher per centum of organic respondents ( 56.2 % ) is in the big size retentions compared to the inorganic respondents ( 39.1 % ) . Small size of keeping is comparatively more among the inorganic respondents ( 60.9 % ) compared to the organic respondents ( 43.8 % ) . Large husbandmans are comparatively more disposition towards the organic agriculture compared to the little husbandmans. It is apparent that the big husbandmans are holding more disposition toward the organic agriculture compared to the little class of husbandmans. In both hill zone and southern passage zone comparatively higher per centum of organic husbandmans are in the big size of retentions compared to the opposite numbers in the inorganic class and the comparatively higher per centum of inorganic husbandmans are in the little size of the keeping compared to their counter parts i n the organic class in both the zones. Though the big husbandmans are more inclination towards organic agriculture in both STZ and HZ it is more glowering in hilly zone. Table 3: Distribution of Respondents across the Size of Land Holding Zone Respondents Group Land Holding Pattern Small Large Entire STZ Organic Farming 38 ( 42.2 ) 52 ( 57.8 ) 90 ( 100.0 ) Inorganic Farming 50 ( 55.6 ) 40 ( 44.4 ) 90 ( 100.0 ) Entire 88 ( 48.9 ) 92 ( 51.1 ) 180 ( 100.0 ) Hertz Organic Farming 54 ( 48.9 ) 66 ( 55.0 ) 120 ( 100.0 ) Inorganic Farming 78 ( 65.0 ) 42 ( 35.0 ) 120 ( 100.0 ) Entire 132 ( 55.0 ) 108 ( 45.0 ) 240 ( 100.0 ) Overall Organic Farming 92 ( 43.8 ) 118 ( 56.2 ) 210 ( 100.0 ) Inorganic Farming 128 ( 60.9 ) 82 ( 39.1 ) 210 ( 100.0 ) Entire 220 ( 52.4 ) 200 ( 47.6 ) 420 ( 100.0 ) Note: Figures in parentheses are per centum to number Decision Organic agriculture is known to successful direction of resources for agribusiness to fulfill the altering human demands while keeping or heightening the quality of environment and conserving natural resources. Hence organic agriculture is one of the several attacks found to run into the aims of sustainable agribusiness and which is capable of keeping its productiveness and utility to society over the long tally. Organic agriculture is authorities sponsored programme in Karnataka through which authorities has been given assorted sorts of subsidies to the organic husbandmans. The survey revealed that the husbandmans who have been adopted the organic agriculture are higher degree of instruction and belonging to higher caste. Thus organic farming strategy in Karnataka is more advantageous to the husbandmans who are educationally frontward, higher caste and big size of land retentions. Hence, the impact of organic agriculture is found to be benefited to the husbandmans who are already so cially and economically frontward but marginalized the husbandmans socially and economically rearward in the society.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Criticism of Our Faith in Science

Criticism of Our Faith in Science Every individual has a right to believe or not to believe. Faith is something subjective that related to all people independently. The authors of the article â€Å"Our faith in science† are Kirszner and Mandell who touch upon different issues, finally making an emphasis on ethics in science and application of ethical decision-making strategies to scientific researches. When the faith is questioned, it is necessary to ask monks for help while modern science is capable of escaping unethical decisions that can take human lives away.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Criticism of â€Å"Our Faith in Science† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article â€Å"Our faith in science† on behalf Tenzin Gyatso, Dalai Lama XIV is taken from The Blair Reader (20o4) written by Kirszner and Mandell. Though this article seems to be realistic enough, it also lacks convergence. This source is written on be half of Tenzin Gyatso though the authors are Kirszner and Mandell. The authors start to write about the faith and his trips, proceed with explanation of positive consequences of meditation on bran functions, and conclude with analysis of contemporary scientific methods with regard to ethical decision-making. As the authors begin their story with mention of Tenzin Gyatso’s childhood: â€Å"As a child in Tibet, I was keenly curious about how things worked† (Kirszner Mandell, 2010, p. 527), the article resembles a letter to a friend. In this respect, Kirszner and Mandell make the readers feel confident about what they say and be sure about the veracity of their words. The article is full of inconsistent statements because the authors intended to compare incomparable concepts and apply some religious theories and meditation strategies to scientific innovations. For instance, the authors claim that Tenzin Gyatso was interested in observing the sky through the telescope and saw that there were shadows on the moon surface (Kirszner Mandell, 2010, p. 527). They approached this issue questioning the science instead of questioning Tenzin Gyatso’s own knowledge. â€Å"†¦this was contrary to the ancient version of cosmology I had been taught, which held that moon †¦ emitted its own light† (Kirszner Mandell, 2010, p. 527). As such, the authors do not try to find the truth but rather attempt to find explanation to why something does not correspond to what Tenzin Gyatso has been taught. The authors imply that scientific methods can help to prove the positive effect of Tenzin Gyatso’s practices in order to tell about this phenomenon to the international community.Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, tradition of meditating was introduced by the authors as a way toward â€Å"alleviating human suf fering† (Kirszner Mandell, 2010, p. 528) whereas scientific methods can simply support or refute this idea instead of making certain contribution to making the human lives better. Alternatively, the authors do not mention the positive effects of scientific innovations on human life in terms of manufacturing, farming, and healthcare. Scientific research methods are questioned by the authors with regard to moral thinking and empathy. Science should avoid emotions such as empathy; otherwise, no inventions would be made even when vitally needed. â€Å"†¦Our moral thinking simply has not been able to keep pace with speed of scientific advancement† (Kirszner Mandell, 2010, p. 529). In this respect, the authors start using the personal pronoun in plural form in order to identify Tenzin Gyatso with each and every reader. This approach can be analyzed as an attempt to persuade the audience in its own lack of moral thinking that lags behind the scientific progress. To sum up, the authors question the concepts of faith and tell about his childhood to gain the readers’ favor. Besides, Kirszner and Mandell spend many arguments on making people realize the positive effect of meditations whereas Tenzin Gyatso wants to reach collaboration between Buddhism and science. Finally, the authors question ethical decision-making with regard to advancement of scientific methods trying to persuade the readers that they have the same insight. References Kirszner, L., Mandell, S. (2004). The Blair Reader (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 527-529.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Signficance of Good Service Backup In Technical Industry

Signficance of Good Service Backup In Technical Industry Free Online Research Papers Signficance of Good Service Backup In Technical Industry 1.Povzetek slovenskega besedila v angleÃ… ¡?ini + naslov Business success depends on elasticity, preparedness to respond to changes in environment, readiness to learn etc. But all these things are not enough if a company doesnt have a good service backup. Industrial companies are not flexible enough, rely on technological aspect and they often forget about consumers contentment with the product which leads to unsuccess. Successful companies offer good service backup – before and after sale – which is important for making a good bussiness, for consumers readiness to buy the product and for consumers contentment after buying it. Backup service after sale demands long-term activities such as qualifying workmen and researching consumers responses. Most expanded and also important service backup is qualifying consumer to use the product wich leads to good marketing. Other important service backups are also guarantee, security, overcoming language obstacles etc. Service backup is exceedingly important for proper and safety use of the product, and it can also remind the consumer of advantages of the product, such as uniqueness and quality control. 2.Povzetek besedila v enem stavku Though many industrial companies forget about consumers contentment, the most important thing (beside development etc.) is service backup which leads to good business and consumers satisfaction. 3.Prevod ozna?enega besedila While industrial companies try to assure competitive position, they rely upon technological aspect of the product and overlook their service component. They are not aware that service component means effective strategic tool with which they can gain, in most cases even without greater expences, decisive competitive position and they can overcome their competitors. Research Papers on Signficance of Good Service Backup In Technical IndustryMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees

Sunday, October 20, 2019

6 WARNING Signs Youre Getting Fired

6 WARNING Signs Youre Getting Fired Afraid you might lose your job? Are you starting to hide from your boss when you see her coming? Rather than live in fear, why not confront the situation and consider the following 6 warning signs you’re getting fired? That way you could maybe even do something about it and avoid the inevitable. You could try to turn things around at your current company or start looking for a new job while you still have the safety net of a paycheck. Here are the top 6 warning signs you’re getting fired:1. Role shiftYour job has changed, and not for the better. If your role suddenly shifts or you’re moved to a different department without explanation, and that move is lateral- i.e. you haven’t been promoted, then you’re probably in the danger zone.2. More responsibilities, same payIf you’ve been given lots more to do, or some more difficult projects, but you haven’t been given a pay bump to go with it, then that probably means you’re absorbing the work of someone who was laid off- or someone they were planning on hiring but didn’t, for whatever reason. It’s never a good sign to be asked to do more without being compensated. Keep your eyes open from here on out.3. The top dogs are jumping shipIf your company’s top performers are bailing and taking jobs elsewhere, then you might do well to follow them. Trust that they best guys know where to go in order to be valued. And ask yourself why you’re not doing the same.4. Your industry is overOkay, maybe not over, but sort of sinking. Your company may be okay, but your industry is experiencing a bit of a lull or lag. Don’t get complacent. Start thinking how your skills and position might translate into other fields and don’t get caught with your pants down.5. Your company has a new strategyThis implies that the old one wasn’t working so well. Try to avoid becoming associated with that old strategy, or risk getting thrown out along with it.6. Your company relocatesAny time a company moves, they jettison a lot of their extra weight and expensive employees. You could be one casualty of their cost-cutting.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Smoking Tobacco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Smoking Tobacco - Essay Example In view of distributed data from 2005, more than 14 percent of the mature person populace in the UAE utilizes tobacco. The majority of the smokers are guys. Generally, smoking is basic around junior mature people. Something like 25 percent of scrutinized understudies was accounted for to have attempted tobacco, before the age of 10. Rolling a cigarette in the UAE is not famous and it is for the most part specialists who are said to move smoke. To be sure, the country has a long history of channel smoking. Two sorts of channels are mainstream in United Arab Emirates- the little and the enormous channel known as medwakh and shisha, separately. The recent is not generally utilized at home yet is rather utilized at bistros and restaurants for entertainment. Simply recently, purchasers have been in a position to request shisha to use at home, despite the fact that this has not been the accepted way of utilizing it. Smoking shisha has been prevalent and individuals dont see it as smoking, the motivation behind why it is adequate socially actually for ladies to utilize it though smoking cigarettes is taken as not a good fit for ladies. In view of a study completed in 2005 of utilization of tobacco around college people in UAE, 9.4 percent of the learners smoked smokes and 5.6 percent utilized a water pipe. Regardless of the fact that ladies made up 8.9 percent of smoke smokers, they embodied 26.2 of the individuals who smoked water pipe. The key players for smoking tobacco have been Kamberjaffer with 23 percent took after by AFCO and Royal Theodorus with 28 and 11 percent individually. Premium-esteemed smoke represent majority of the volume of cigarette sales in the state and cigarettes are expanding quicker than the easier quality cigarillos in the nation. The opposition is not on the cost yet the nature of the item every admin attempts to make his or her items to emerge and have a quality equivalent to the cost. Quality occurred in light of

Friday, October 18, 2019

E-Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-Marketing - Essay Example This essay is a critical evaluation of their entry strategy and also an analysis of their entry strategy with models included to improve their strategy regarding e-marketing. Amazon is an American based company situated in Seattle, Washington. It was the first leading e-commerce company that successfully sold products online. The company was booming until the downfall of the IT industry in 1990’s and it had to face serious criticism from all sides. But the company faced the tests of time and emerged victorious after making a profit again in 2003. The founder of Amazon.com, Jeff Bezos started this company in 1995 as only an online book store but gradually the company diversified into new product categories. Amazon is now a virtual multinational since it has its separate websites in many companies around the world, namely; Japan, U.K. Germany, Austria, France, Canada and China. The site is accessible worldwide and it is a global company that is capable of shipping products all around the globe. Today Amazon is a huge name in the e-commerce industry and also a leading company in its genre. Currently, the company has been vying to enter into e-marketi ng that is selling products digitally over the internet instead of shipping them to every part of the globe. Since the company’s business model has always been swarmed with the shipping mania, it is now taking the conversion from traditional marketing to e-marketing very slowly so that business is fully integrated with no unit left behind and finally gushing towards the prime position successfully. They are still developing as an e-marketing firm and moving steadily to their desired destination. Amazon entered the market with the acquisition of mobipockets.com which is based in Paris. Amazon adopted a hush hush attitude towards the acquisition of the company that is now its subsidiary that sells products digitally online. It provides books online as a download for some

The growth of Gulliver's madness in Part IV of Gulliver's Travels Essay

The growth of Gulliver's madness in Part IV of Gulliver's Travels - Essay Example He descends further into madness because he cannot (and does not want to) think clearly. Indeed, Gulliver’s madness is a result of pride that is founded in disception. Gulliver refuses to accept the truth about his race because it means accepting the truth about who he is. He would rather live a liar and in deception. Discussion Gulliver’s madness started when he becomes unable to control events. His madness started slowly and with his interaction with the Houyhnhnms and the Yahoos. In a sense, his madness is the result of his inability to accept and discern what he has encountered. He knows what is happening but he cannot make real sense of it other than wants he wants. Gulliver’s madness becomes evident when he begins to think of his own â€Å"kind† as less than acceptable. His interaction with the Houyhnhnms makes Gulliver to admire them greatly. He tells us that their ideas and viewpoints â€Å"opened my eyes and enlarged my understanding, that I bega n to view the actions and passions of man in a very different light† (250). He admires the Houyhnhnms and, as a result, begins to despise anything else, including those of his own race. The fact that Gulliver wants to be accepted as a Houyhnhnm is also an indication that he is slipping into insanity. Gulliver believes, â€Å"the Yahoos . . . were observed to be the most unteachable of all brutes† (227). Indeed, Gulliver belittles himself when he belittles the Yahoos. Gulliver knows what he is but believes that he can change because of the Yahoos repulsive nature. Gulliver is an example of what can happen to us when we allow our minds to become clouded and refuse to think for ourselves. Gulliver loves the Houyhnhnms and essentially begins to hero-worship them. For example, as he continues to stay with them, he begins to think of his friends, family, and the â€Å"human race in general† (272), as â€Å"Yahoos in shape and disposition† (272). It should come a s no surprise then, when Gulliver’s master tells him that he is considered to be a Yahoo that his mind snaps. His master has no choice but to â€Å"employ† (273) Gulliver like the â€Å"rest of his species† (273) and orders him to â€Å"swim back† (273) to the place from which he came. Because Gulliver has already disassociated himself from the Yahoos and his own race, this news is unacceptable and too much to live with. Gulliver has already gone too far in his appreciation of the Houyhnhnms and cannot go back to the way things were. Gulliver thinks too much of himself to consider life as a Yahoo. Further evidence of Gulliver’s madness can be seen in his thoughts regarding Don Pedro of whom he considered â€Å"like an animal which had some little portion of reason† (281). Gulliver does not want to return home to those that he considered Yahoos. When he does return home, he brings himself to â€Å"tolerate the sight of yahoos† (284). H ere we see how Gulliver’s has taken him over because he does not consider himself a Yahoo but better than them and the ultimate sign of his diseased mind is when he considered that fact that by mating with one of the Yahoos and fathering more of them causes him the â€Å"utmost shame, confusion, and horror† (284). He does want to touch the Yahoos and admits that he cannot â€Å"endure my wife or children in my presence; the very smell of them was intolerable†

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Legal Powers and Duties of Local Authorities in Relation to the Essay

Legal Powers and Duties of Local Authorities in Relation to the Protection of Children - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of safeguarding as the process of ‘protecting children’ from such harms as neglect and keeping them safe from impairment of health in order to ensure that they successfully enter adulthood. Admittedly, The United Kingdom’s childcare system is diverse and is offered by private, voluntary, and other independent providers. The country’s childcare offerings include both full day-care and care on a session basis. Private, voluntary, and other providers work in association with children centers and schools in order to deliver flexible and quality services. The UK government has been trying to improve child protection through various rules and regulations which give specific attention to the nation’s increasing child abuse issues. In fact, Section 47 of the Children Act 1989 is the very basis of the responsibilities of the local councils. It points out that the councils are responsible to initiate inquiries if th ey find that a child in their area is probably suffering, or is likely to suffer harm. If it is found in enquires that there is potential harm, the local authority should conduct a discussion with other concerned agencies to initiate a core assessment which leads to procedures to protect the child. Sections 8, 9, and 10 of the Childcare Act 2006 provide local authorities with a set of powers in order to efficiently fulfill their duties, which have been defined under sections 6 and 7 of the Act.... They may provide short term as well as long term financial assistance to providers. In addition, local authorities are given the power to extend their services to families in need; for instance, families with disable children. The authorities can determine the type of assistance to be offered to those families. Section 8(3) specifies certain criteria for providing childcare for a particular child or group of children. As per this section, a local authority must not offer childcare unless it is convinced that there is no one to provide childcare or another person is not willing to do so4. At the same time, section 8(4) of the Act exempts childcare provision under the control of a maintained school from the limits of the section 8(3). The section 8(5) states that subsection 3 is not applicable to childcare provision guidelines defined under section 18(1) or (5) of the Children Act 19895. According to section 9 of the 2006 Act, when local authorities make arrangements with a childcare p rovider by offering financial assistance, they have the power to impose certain requirements on that provider in order to ensure quality of the childcare provided6. In addition, the local authority may require repayment of the whole fund if the provider fails to meet the requirements. Section 10 of the Act provides local authorities with the power to charge for any childcare services they provide; given some exceptions. According to the provisions of the 2006 Act, local authorities do not have any restriction in offering different types of assistance to providers. When there are no possibilities for local authorities to deliver childcare services in partnership with private, volunteer, and

Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interview - Assignment Example All the children are male except for the youngest, who is a female. Her children are 40, 37, 35 and 31 accordingly. She and her husband are currently residing in their own home, which is not far from that of her children, and therefore of her grandchildren as well. The purpose of this paper is to examine the selected woman's opinions and notions of marriage, family and children as she was raised to believe, according to which she's lived her life, and then compare and contract those to those of my own. The woman interviewed, my grandmother, believes, and was brought up to believe, that marriage is supposed to last forever. It was a very different time from today, two generations ago, and this perception was much more common and popular than, in contrast to the very different one of today. Strangely enough, though, people used to get married at a young age and perhaps without even knowing their intended spouse for as long as people do today prior to marriage. This seems quite odd and bizarre for me today, but my grandmother says that that's how it was back then. If you knew the person for a year or two and thought you were compatible, you got married. Sex before marriage was also much less acceptable or appropriate. It was also common opinion that one has to do whatever he or she possibly can in order to save and preserve the marriage if it falls under a hard time (Author, Year). What she describes is very reasonable for that time, but seems quite obsolete today. Few are the people who still hold these beliefs today, and they are considered to be very unusual and the exception of the codes of behavior and norms of today. Things have changed a lot in these years between her generation and mine. Along with the emancipation of women, women's right movements and the changes in society as well as in the legislature, there's been a major shift towards living life each person sees fit. There is much less pressure today from families or others to get married quickly, an d less criticism or eyebrow-raising if a woman isn't married. This is truer for men than for women, but it also applies to women. Men are often thought to be less mature for serious relationships, commitments and marriage, let alone starting a family, while women are typically seen as more marriage and family oriented. While it may hold some truth (and women do indeed think more about relationships and the desire to be married and have children than men do), it is most definitely not true for everyone, and sometimes it is completely the opposite. Back in my grandmother's time it was quite unheard of. A woman was supposed to be married and was expected to do so until a certain age. Today it is not like that at all. Being married and becoming a mother were considered to be an inseparable part of being a woman (Author, Year). Today, there are women who opt never to get married, even though some of which are in long, committed relationships. It is now believed by some that marriage isn' t for everyone, and some do choose not to get married. Coupled with the current divorce rates, things have certainly changed in the decades since my grandmother's time and until now (Author, Year). It is interesting to note, in this context, that although marriage has become less essential to some women today and perhaps because of it, the wedding industry has grown immensely, and the wedding day is now considered to be one of life's more important milestones. In the past, while it was also significant, people didn't make such a big

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Legal Powers and Duties of Local Authorities in Relation to the Essay

Legal Powers and Duties of Local Authorities in Relation to the Protection of Children - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of safeguarding as the process of ‘protecting children’ from such harms as neglect and keeping them safe from impairment of health in order to ensure that they successfully enter adulthood. Admittedly, The United Kingdom’s childcare system is diverse and is offered by private, voluntary, and other independent providers. The country’s childcare offerings include both full day-care and care on a session basis. Private, voluntary, and other providers work in association with children centers and schools in order to deliver flexible and quality services. The UK government has been trying to improve child protection through various rules and regulations which give specific attention to the nation’s increasing child abuse issues. In fact, Section 47 of the Children Act 1989 is the very basis of the responsibilities of the local councils. It points out that the councils are responsible to initiate inquiries if th ey find that a child in their area is probably suffering, or is likely to suffer harm. If it is found in enquires that there is potential harm, the local authority should conduct a discussion with other concerned agencies to initiate a core assessment which leads to procedures to protect the child. Sections 8, 9, and 10 of the Childcare Act 2006 provide local authorities with a set of powers in order to efficiently fulfill their duties, which have been defined under sections 6 and 7 of the Act.... They may provide short term as well as long term financial assistance to providers. In addition, local authorities are given the power to extend their services to families in need; for instance, families with disable children. The authorities can determine the type of assistance to be offered to those families. Section 8(3) specifies certain criteria for providing childcare for a particular child or group of children. As per this section, a local authority must not offer childcare unless it is convinced that there is no one to provide childcare or another person is not willing to do so4. At the same time, section 8(4) of the Act exempts childcare provision under the control of a maintained school from the limits of the section 8(3). The section 8(5) states that subsection 3 is not applicable to childcare provision guidelines defined under section 18(1) or (5) of the Children Act 19895. According to section 9 of the 2006 Act, when local authorities make arrangements with a childcare p rovider by offering financial assistance, they have the power to impose certain requirements on that provider in order to ensure quality of the childcare provided6. In addition, the local authority may require repayment of the whole fund if the provider fails to meet the requirements. Section 10 of the Act provides local authorities with the power to charge for any childcare services they provide; given some exceptions. According to the provisions of the 2006 Act, local authorities do not have any restriction in offering different types of assistance to providers. When there are no possibilities for local authorities to deliver childcare services in partnership with private, volunteer, and

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

2 - Assignment Example uence on children could not meet the case to label the photograph as "obscene", as there is partial display of genital hair and the photograph was pasted in Oncore premises, where children do not go. The most imperative reason to pursue Kathys argument and to conclude that the photographs, the art work are not obscene encompasses its social rationale. The photograph had a purpose, a motive to generate civic awareness about the safe sex with an intention to avert the cases of AIDS, one of the most dreaded and incurable diseases of the present epoch. AIDS has emerged as the leading cause of death under forty in Seattle area, hence display of safety measures cannot be considered obscene, it is also in compliance with the definition of material being obscene as per Blacks Law Dictionary. The art work is aimed at homosexual community. "Community standards" involved are those of the gay community rather than city at large. However, Oncore possess clientele of such communities but awareness is equally imperative among general community as well. Kathy pin-pointed homosexuals as they are the frequent visitors at Oncore, but if the issue is related with generating awareness about the safe sex to combat AIDS, then engendering consciousness in the mass is of greater significance. Kathy has shaped her arguments in the most logical and methodological manner by integrating the facts from basic law dictionary to the Mass Media Laws and also incorporated "Contemporary community standards" to reflect on the trustworthiness of the argument. Katy has meticulously placed each and every fact in a practical and coherent manner which are enough to gain the support of readers and audience to a greater extent. Display of obscene photograph which does not abide by the rules and norms set by the "Washington State Liquor Control Board", is again a violation of rules. The photographs were rejected on the basis of "partially exposed private parts of male anatomy". The photograph could not

Associate Level Material Essay Example for Free

Associate Level Material Essay Directions: Choose one of the Facts for Consideration sections from Ch. 3 of the text and list the page number for the section you chose. Then, complete the following table. List five threats appropriate to the environment from the section you chose. Rate the risk for each threat from 0 (low) to 10 (high). Then, list five appropriate countermeasures. Once you complete the table, write a brief explanation of the countermeasures for the two threats with the highest risk total, stating how the countermeasure reduces the risk associated with that threat. The inmate escape is very important. If there are extra guards then it will be easy to prevent this from happening, especially since some trips can take up to 48 hours to complete. With all the stopping (two to eight stops on any given trip) and going it would be great to have the countermeasure. When it  comes to inmates taking over the van, I feel as though that is something that can happen even if there are two officers on the van. Inmates are strong and they always have something up their sleeves. So if we were to take the countermeasure and actually have them checked before they get on the van and then handcuffed it makes the ride safer and less threatening.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Reviewing Personal Development Through Reflective Practice Social Work Essay

Reviewing Personal Development Through Reflective Practice Social Work Essay The road up ahead unnoticed was damp in strong rain let loose against a grey sky that hung in desperation. Then shouts shook up the vicinity as a short craggy boy came in view, just enough to be seen chasing after a grown man. Dark skinned he perspired of fear while he threw large stones in the direction of his pursuit. His father straddled along howling while doing the same. The chase moved on almost reaching the street corner when the grown man abruptly turned about, drew out a long knife and unsurprisingly took in the direction of the boy. Five weeks before today, I had at my desk a 13 year old girl admitted for sexual abuse which occurred in an out of campus activity over the weekend, and involved two boys ages 14 and 15. I took up the intake interview for document support for criminal charges. The girl was an obvious difficult untrue to her shattered self, torn between betrayal and the worth of protecting friendship. I was in some sort of conflict myself, appalled with the clinical findings, and given the ages of these children involved. Both accused and the victim belong to families of lower income brackets with parents working in the informal sector. Later at night what first came to mind was a concept put forward by Reginald Revans in the 1940s that People had to be aware of their lack of relevant knowledge and be prepared to explore the area of their ignorance with suitable questions and help from other people in similar positions. Revans developed on the idea individuals successful with self development are those in adversity who struggle to understand themselves. The formula prescribes L = P + Q where L is learning; P is programmed thought or what is taught or read knowledge and Q is questioning to create insight. Apparently what I hoped to attempt, if any, was to learn in the execution of my task. In my circumstance as a social worker in child protection for disadvantaged communities; many deep, painful thoughts had me that I questioned if I could make sense of it at all. But work itself, frequent with disordered and dysfunctional children and families, brought me to understand the importance of perfecting the tool of reflective practice. Reflection nourishes the soul as it is a tough discomfort to take issues of the self to the fore. Whatever else is said of it, the tool can elicit insight and appreciation, and develop certain faculties of the mind. It is through reflective practice that I am competent and confident to work positively toward the best outcome in the interest of child with whom we work. This I began to write a few lines every night about my tasks, thoughts, fears, and achievements which helped me to focus and determine the real issue. Reflective practice is an element of learning through the involvement of self in exploring ones responses in an experience (Boud, Keogh and Walker, 1985). One must begin by understanding the purpose and definitions of reflective practice well explained in the writings of Johns and Freshwater (1998). The process requires methodical recording events and experiences in diaries and journals (Zubbrizarreta 1999 and Tryssenaar 1995), or professional development diaries to return and improve interpretations (Clouder 2000). The method is taken further by Gillings (2000) in placing emphasis on a sincere commitment to self enquiry and a readiness to change through honesty and openness. This argument is supported by Atkins (2000) by determining self-awareness of temperament and conviction as essential to the reflective process. Ann is a transferee to the university where she easily became friends with gang groups. One weekend she was invited to come join a swimming event on June 28, 2008. After swimming these teenagers decided to drink and others took a dose of marijuana. Ann managed to get too drunk that was left behind with two boys who promised to take her home. Ann was raped that night. The activity held outside campus was not led by the academe that jurisdiction and responsibility is argued. L O G I thought it would be a sweeping case for it concerned eleven minors of the same campus, having managed to access liquor and drugs. I believed there was neglect and unkindness on the part on all participants of the activity for leaving a vulnerable girl to the care of bullish boys, and passed judgment that this was some fraternity issue. Because I knew of the forensic evidence and laboratory results, it was difficult to let go. As I struggled with myself, I discovered the later developments in reflective practice threshed that individuals reach a limit reflecting alone, unaided (Boud, Keogh and Walker, 1985) and that there is more benefit to adopt reflective practice in a group setting or one-to-one forum through supervision (Fisher 1996). Other articles refer this as a guided reflection or learning sequence by studying ones feelings that an evolving of ideas and appreciation spills out. Mann (2008) presents shared reflection to reap benefits of continuity, trust, peer support and an opportunity to reframe. Possible harmful outcomes in spite the aim to provide self direction are also expressed in other works 1-busy work, 2-lack of impact, 3-rejection by clients, 4-misplaced confidence, 5-reflection without learning, 6-intellectualizing reflection, 7-inappropriate disclosure. The article points out that shared reflection is enabled by free expression of opinion when there is a common perceived usefulness of the activity and prior reflective practice experience. However the actual implements of shared reflection could differ as to organizational climate and allocation of time for reflection. But with the many work constraints, shared reflective activities was not possible at the moment. I adamantly guided Ann to pursue a criminal case. A complaint against the boys was filed in the court under IS No 08-1777. However, with the law protecting minors below 16 in place, the prosecutor dismissed all criminal charges with reason that these boys are below age of maturity. It was not long that these kids are back in campus. Inquiries on the incident were in sequels which the small institution claiming lack of jurisdiction had nothing to do and nothing more could be done. Cruelly enough, the boys taunt Ann in campus that she reports to her father who in return assaults one offender. Anns father is charged for frustrated murder and child abuse on the boy still not proven guilty. L O G I was totally devastated with the fact offensive sexual conduct shall pass without incarceration or remorse, seeing that the laws that protect children in conflict a twist. In as much as the boys are exempt from criminal liability, differentiation between wrong and right and the admittance of fault is not examined. While the state protects these boys from punishment, the state did not protect Ann. Gillian Ruch (2008) points out that there is more literature on definitions of reflective practice, when less thought is given to the conditions to facilitate its development. Insofar as this tool recognizes complexity and  uncertainty inherent in social work practice, there should be more emphasis on the need for practitioners to work within safe, clear, collaborative and communicative working practices that are interdependent -in respect reflective practice. Ann fell into depression; thinks it was her fault (she was too drunk) because she allowed the boys to abuse her. She caused all the troubles (her father beat up one of the boys who files a child abuse case against him and the fraternity wanted to avenge) She inflicts pains on herself (wrist slashing), ran away from home and seeks refuge from gangsters. Smokes, drinks, had some theft issues and turned promiscuous. L O G I felt responsible in some way for this behaviour and inadequate for not being able to do more. I though hard of ways to develop a positive self and positive self image for Ann. I involved too deeply with the family, encouraging parents to seek out opportunities to praise, reinforce, and recognize accomplishments. It consumed me, trying to get Ann to an improved ability to trust others in a developed sense. Models of reflective practice originate in different fields of study, typically depict an iterative process but are not explicit of the role of emotions. A simple model of reflection is to return to the experience and take feelings into account by recognition of emotion, attending to the feelings and developing a new perspective (Boud, Keogh and Walker 1985). Behaviour Ideas Feelings Returning to experience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Utilizing positive feelings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Removing obstructing feelings Re evaluating experience New perspectives on experience Change in behaviour Readiness for application Commitment to action Experience(s) Reflective processes Outcomes Looking at my case from a critical perspective, I have prepared a simple log. L O G What was I trying to achieve? I wanted badly to help Ann who was a naughty smart, completely lost in the age of adolescence. Why did I respond as I did? My frustration is coupled with the knowledge of several studies that have shown that as age increases in disadvantaged communities, boys have more liberty than girls to explore outside the home (e.g. Jones et al., 2000). And because these disadvantaged communities are less safe, the decline in a girls independent activities has crippled the overall growth of society. What were the consequences of that for the patient, others, myself? I have given my all to this case, but have time and fund constraints with the volume and limited manpower of our organization. Ann was sent to the Center for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse, another NGO with structured methods on handling child sexual abuse cases. How were others feeling? I came to meet the members of the childs family, who struggled through the issues and difficulty at hand. On the other part, the families of these boys manifested a displaced confidence. How did I know this? I kept in constant communication with the mother until a year after that I left work. Why did I feel the way I did within this situation? I knew that I could have done more. And I believe there is a need to evaluate the legislation. Did I act for the best? The constant weight of workload pressure and prioritization is often of concern to us as child protection workers. What knowledge did or could have informed me? Policy developments like these are important to be placed in the fore to promote better understanding of the real levels of risk to children in the various forms of social interaction. Does this situation connect with previous experiences? Not particularly, although admittedly I was drawn into this case. How could I handle this situation better? I should have been upfront with the family of the legislations in place such that the matter would be dealt with outside legal perspective. What would be the consequences of alternative actions for the patient/others/myself? There should have been a coordinated approach, assigning each child to a social worker effectually collaborating findings and cure for child disorientation. How do I now feel about this experience? Anger. I felt consumed by this experience and sore. Can I support myself and others better as a consequence? Yes. I have learned to distinguish the limits of my work and the level of attachment I can allow myself. How available am I to work with patients/families and staff to help them meet their needs? I extend myself in certain situations that compel or affected me more than the work should. Social work in disadvantaged communities is hefted with several constraints, if not stressful to a practitioner. A serious dilemma is that child protection and community is particularly influenced by poverty and other forms of inequality. It can be said that a harsher impact of transnational integration would be an increased number of anxious people, so much more in poorer communities, where support systems are unsurprisingly ineffectual with a shorthanded social workers group. In these depressed areas, where the core family unit is continually stressed, abuse easily coughs up. Adolescent sexual abuse is an experience relating to a broad spectrum of challenges across social work development, with suicide as the most severe outcome where much is lost. Other post trauma behaviours common are sexual risk-taking and substance misuse, depression, anxiety, and panic aggression and delinquency. With the escalating figures on abuse, my department puts up response to the WID (Women in Development), WAD (Women and Development) and GAD (Gender and Development) programs of the Government. It is among five pilot projects focused on women, children and family, catering a broad geographical coverage with mandate as Training Center. We use a total management approach particularly in severe cases of violence. We work closely with networks such as the Anti Child Abuse Network (ACAN, a national network), Gender Equality and Development (GEAD network in the city of Baguio) and the Regional Organization of Gender Focal Point (ROGFP). The department six years in existence is established through British funds. This concluded in 2006 leaving behind a vacuum in the handle of Family Needs-and-Risk-Assessment of victim survivors, including other forms of help (coordinating temporary shelter and home visits). My work as a social worker involves entering the lives of children and families in distress, conflict or trouble. To do so requires theoretical competence and self awareness. Reflective practice ensures that my motivations and past experiences are used to enhance our practice and to help me recognise our impact on others. With it I am also able to establish boundaries when working with children that I have become less assuming, although it does take experience, time, and skill. Noticeably, it has reduced my negative experiences as a service provider. I have the ability to step back and look at the bigger picture we are able to work more effectively with a service user. Reflection ensures confidence that our responses arise from the clients situation rather than our past or needs (Lishman, 2002). It prompts the evaluation of practice and gives way to opportunities to learn from experience by identifying what worked well and what may need to change. Reflective practice helps us to keep our commitment of continuous professional development and reinforces the importance of the attitude and keeps accountability at the forefront of our practice (Thompson, 2002). A crucial aspect of reflection is being able to use the criticism faced and utilize it-that is, turn the situation on its head, and learn something positive from it. Schon (1983) has explained, professional knowledge is grounded in professional experience. L O G In one time I consoled the mother of this young girl by telling her not to worry because this circumstance will make her stronger and wiser. And she snapped at me in disappointment that it was the least of her interest to gain strength and wisdom at the expense of her child. For long I was in moral conflict over the case. More so because it was a strong issue in the area of my work and to circles I involved in. Contradictions from interest groups mounted, many simply for the benefit of group funding among others. It was very sad because those hurt from the occurrence could not be helped. Deep inside me I questioned if we did protect the child and should be protect a child who abuses another child. The reflection of my inner conflict is drawn in the tree below. Child Protection RA 7610 Anti Child Abuse It was devastating and I was frustrated. Do the most significant and influential ethical theories deny the existence of natural rights? I should have been upfront with the family of the legislations in place such that the matter would be dealt with outside legal perspective. Action is wrong because it ignores Anns rights. In as much as the boys are exempt from criminal liability, differentiation between wrong and right and the admittance of fault is not examined. While the state protects these boys from punishment, the state did not protect Ann. Ann fell into depression; inflicts pain on herself (wrist slashing), ran away from home and seeks refuge from gangsters. Smokes, drinks, had some theft issues and turned promiscuous. Have I failed to protect and preserve public interest because of a selective indifference to information, understanding, and knowledge that bear on the preservation of human values and the solution of problems ? Should policy developments as this important be examined to promote better understanding of the real levels of risk to children in the various forms of social interaction? It consumed me, trying to get Ann to an improved ability to trust others in a developed sense. On the other part, the families of these boys manifested a displaced confidence. Is policy effective with the harsher impact of transnational integration and increased number of anxious people, so much more in poorer communities, where support systems are unsurprisingly ineffectual with a shorthanded social workers group. With all confusion, it was my constant reflective practice that held me through. I then took upon myself to pursue that this tool as a functional process to be performed at individual level by members of the team and in case conferences. The specific objectives include: (a) Increased awareness of RA 7610, Special Protection of Children against Child Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act and RA 9262, An Act Defining Violence Against Women and Their Children, providing for Protective Measures for Victims, prescribing Penalties therefore, and for other purposes; through reflective practice methods and approaches focused on the family as a basic social unit, and extending to schools, universities, workplaces and the communities. (b) Reporting reflection after conducting immediate extensive treatment and protection and preventive psycho-social services through testing and treatment, advisement and counseling. (c) Shared reflections on particular cases for the containment of severe co nditions that further endanger lives and situations of victim survivors, families and communities. (d) Shared reflection that explores potential roles of victim survivors and families in the reflective practice initiatives for community learning. (e) To log these activities for the advancement of research methods and further betterment of programs and services delivery. At this point I thought it useful to reframe the work process. Reflective practice should be central to reframing a process flow of intervention in my department. The revised diagram puts forward the value of dialogue after every process step which could change the difficulties experienced through my individual account (Errington, Robertson 1998). It is thought that reflective practice adopted in a group setting by practitioners should be inextricably linked to social workers settings. The interaction also establishes rudiments of supervision by the department head as suggested in the writings of COT (1997), conducting group reflective practice supports and promotes professional development and continuing education. REFRAMING INTERVENTION CHART Patient with guardian is received by WCPU Social worker Guardian is made to complete the consent form Trauma intake interview if a patient is conducted, discussion with caretakers, companions and relatives Gathering, distillation and relaying of crucial information to the clinician before the interview and exam Collaboration with hospital staff members on-call Physician and social worker interview the Guardian/ caretaker Refers patient and family for temporary shelter, meal, food, financial assistance from LGU Submits and follows up lab specimen results Reflective Practice 1 PATIENT INTAKE Rigorous documentation of interviews, risk assessment and care of the survivors Worker conducts risk assessment for the child and family and decides on a plan of action that best protects the child and the family Refers child to a psychiatrist if needed Coordinates and refers client to other agencies like OSCWD, CPTCSA, PNP and others SW provides advice and crisis counseling 4RISK ASSESSMENT (Social worker) The physician carries out an appropriate forensic interview that is child sensitive, using a developmental approach Social worker listens to interview an transcribes interviews as necessary 2 FORENSIC INTERVIEW The physician and social worker assess and refer patients who require counseling to the psychiatrist Psychiatrist conducts regular therapy sessions for the child until the child shows, significant improvements in diagnosis 5 PSYCHIATRIC CARE Physician performs non-traumatizing medical examination that adheres legal requisites for evidence collection, including colposcopic pictures Physician also examines child for medical problems not associated to the abuse Physician devises and implements a medical treatment plan Assisting the physician in the conducting of the physical examination and gathering of specimen and other medico-legal evidences Social worker passes and follow-up laboratory request. Refer lab results to physicians concerns and informs patient Contact and get food from dietary for the patient as needed When necessary, referrals are made for medical services not provided by WCPU 3 MEDICAL EXAMINATION When summoned, WCPU physicians appear in court to provide expert testimony about the findings 6 COURT TESTIMONY Reflective Practice While the work of Gillings (2000) guides reflection of feelings to deliberately evaluate the experience, it is expected that a particular situation is adequately analysed and that the development of an action plan follows. By reframing the process flow, there is better chance that a holistic action plan evolves each time shared reflection takes place and additional information integrated to the case. This requires that professional development diaries (Clouder 2000) become part of the workflow, where documentation of group reflections preserves the learning experience for the reference of future learning groups. Importantly, each group reflective practice should begin with the understanding of what the team is trying to achieve. The sensitivity articulated by Atkins in Burns and Bulman (2000), is that there must be commitment and willingness to listen to the views and insights of other practitioners. By so, it allows for new posits for practitioners to apply in the handle of new expe riences. In effect, an individual member presents a challenge and has these views and perspectives provoked by questions of fellow practitioners, and share the process leading to appropriate actions. It is an application of the work of Kristina Gower (2002) that through the process of shared reflection, an avenue is set for the individual to focus on themselves and what they are grappling at work. It is argued in many writings that shared reflection when practiced effectively and with consistency, enables practitioners to be open with each other and capable of trust. I think it is most needed today where globalisation has caused upon a change in the social structures of communities and social workers are faced with new sorts of challenges. By mere process of jotting down thoughts in a descriptive manner, unloads the emotions held within. What is more is when it is read, it is an act of distancing from self, allowing one to see if our responses were appropriate to the situation. Shared Reflection Session Adapted from National Primary and Care Trust Development Programme 2008 Present your challenge, insight, issue, or question Set members question you constructively to challenge views and understanding, perceptions, and assumptions New insights, understanding or ideas Test actions in the workplace Draw conclusions and mark learnings. Integrate the new knowledge into the practice Bring results back to set. What worked? What did not? Why? Each time group reflection is carried out, a new interaction or form of reflection occurs, or individual reflection is deepened. The chart below depicts continues growth expected of dialogues amongst practitioners. Proper recording of the analyses, conflict and interaction must be ensured for future growth of the department. By and large, globalization altered the traditional roles in society that sense of community is hard to come by. The greater impact however falls on less developed nations where close family ties have tangible effects on income sources, equally personal growth. While conventional theory avers family as the fundamental social institution, it is opposed by the changing times. The present phenomenon sees the family unit split on a massive scale leading to less safer communities for the child. Because it is so, reflective practice intertwines with the practice of social work. Interactions in delicate matters of family, and in situations of discomfort, it is essential that social workers maintain reflective practice to unearth insights as much as for the interest of self preservation in pressing issues by constant self awareness. While practice is located within the ancient tradition of experiential learning and in the recently defined perspective of situated cognition, both return us to the basic comprehension that not all problems are of equal dimensions. What is more is not the scope or dimensions of the problem but the significance of the problem to the child we work with (Osterman, 1993). This is reinforced in the manuscript Changing Lives review of social work by Peter Lewis, where it relates the emphatic need for more reflective practice. Appointed director of childrens services at Haringey, a first response was to send off social work staff on reflective practice courses at the Tavistock Clinic (cooper, 2010). Of course, a huge obstacle to reflective practice and clearly widespread in England comes with the tightening budgets, even when studies have increasing shown the relevance of reflective practice as an essential part of social work decision making. That is the sheer volume of the work and its impact, as a social worker, one is stressed and overwhelmed that is likely to overly identify with a child at work or with the parents. As a result it becomes difficult to maintain objectivity and stand back. Kim Poupart (2010) relents that People get stirred up by child protection work. For example, if someone is forced to look at slides of abuse it is painful for them to see. Unless they can reflect about how upset and angry they feel they will be unable to manage their feelings in relation to the work and decisions they need to make. The study elaborates on the important elements of reflective practice which allows for a deeper understanding of: (1) The role emotion plays in decision-making, (2) Patterns finding the evidence for gut feelings, (3) Confirmation biases or reluctance to abandon a pre-formed opinion, (4) Attribution error on attributing behaviour to personality traits rather than the context, and (5) Hindsight error. While reflective practice in social work cannot be disguised, credence on personal attributes should be upheld. These personal attributes contributing to the perfection of reflective practice are: values, perception of the world, self-perception, emotional status and interaction with the external environment (Maree C, 2010). The observed skills leading toward such competencies are developed at early portions of the profession. Course curriculums have incorporated cognitive-structural theories, human development theories, and exhaustive study of postmodern writings on reflective practices in group and individually. Neil and Sue Thompson (2009) suggest that At the heart of reflective practice is the idea that our actions should be informed by a knowledge base that we engage with actively. In which case responses are not by routine or by habit but rather through sincere and considerate understanding of the situation faced, thus ensuring the practitioner sees beneath the surface of thing s. In conclusion, reflective practice contributes to professional development and in a manner quite difficult to measure. Particularly in my case, it was the source of great strength with the several difficult decisions and challenges unearthed in child protection work. I could honestly say that this case was a moral challenge since it compelled implementing a law that I do not think is entirely good. Similarly, we run the risk of reinforcing existing inequalities and potentially oppressive processes in the absence of proper reflection and reflective practice. In some organizations, this is seen to come in the way of work, especially to traditional bosses who think that adding processes is an upshot of not having enough work to do. Through reflective practice I come to appreciate All things equal, I strongly believe that it there are good choices and better outcomes for children when reflection is performed. I see things differently.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

jfk assassination Essay -- essays research papers fc

The John F. Kennedy Assassination On November 22,1963,President Kennedy was in attendance at a Dallas parade.One of the biggest tragic moments happened in U.S. history before the naked eye.President John F. Kennedy was assassinated around 12:34 p.m.as he celebrated with the Dallas crowd to show admiration towards them and their city(Mintaglio 60).The suspected assassin Robert L. Oswald,a former U.S. marine,was afterward caught not long following the assassination in a near by theatre(Newman 56).Later to discover he himself was assassinated by Jack Ruby while he was being escorted publicly to the court room.A study of the John F.Kennedy assassination would include the conspiracy theories, the plans of the assassination ,and the alleged suspects‘ connections. First of all, the Kennedy assassination dealt with numerous conspiracies in diverse ways. President Kennedy’s Excoriation of the parade still raises questions because of the sluggish speed of the President’s car when he was parting the parade to the Dallas freeway. Furthermore,the driver of the Kennedy’s car decided to amend the route he was supposed to take(Marcus 187). The alleged assassin Robert L. Oswald was also a assassinated in his uncommon public excoriation to his testimony.Despite the heavy security of 63 officers around Oswald before he was shot.Ruby was able to get through reporters in the environs of Oswald and get a point blank shot at Oswald’s gut critically wounding him and later died because of the wounds(Sneed 339).Oswald had told officials he fired the Italian rifle three times and hit the President twice at an unfeasible range for the inaccurate rifle.To add a bigger twist to the investigations,witnesses near the shooting of the President told officials that as many as six shots where heard shot.Even more arcane Cody Kennedy’s number was found in Oswald’s address book officials had obtained(Minutaglio 159). The killing of Oswald by Jack Ruby made the mafia get in the picture with alleged connections to the Kennedy assassination(Bryce 69). Secondly, the planning of the assassination of President Kennedy was exceptionally one of the most well-planned killings ever witnessed.Every thing had to be in the right place at the right time and almost impossible for one person to pull it off all alone.Oswald decided to keep cover in the Texas School of Book Depository on the sixt... ...y assassination would include the conspiracy theories,plans of the assassination,and connections with the alleged suspects. 1.Consiracy of the Assassinations A.unusual escort of president B.Osawald’s public escortation 2.Well-planned Assassination A.clear shots B.suspects killed 3.Suspects connections A.Mexico meetings B.C.I.A. photographs C.Mob rumors Works Cited JFK Assassination Homepage.Online.Internet.13 Jan.2003. Available HTTP:mcadams.posc.edu/home.html. Bryce,Warren.†The Assassination of President Kennedy.†The New York Times.28 Sept.1964. Marcus,Stanley.The Day JFK Died.Kansas City:A universal Press Syndicate Company,1993. Mcmillan,George.The Making of an Assassin.Canada:Little ,Brown and Company,1976. Minutaglio,Bill,Barry Boesch,and Bill Deener.The Day Remembered.:Taylor Publishing Company,1990. Newman,John.Osawald and the C.I.A.New York:Caroll and Graf Publishers,Inc,1995. JFK The Kennedy Assassination Homepage.Online.Internet. 13.Jan.2003.Available HTTP:JFK-info.com/index2.html. Sneed,Larry.No More Silence.Denton:University of North Texas Press,1998.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Computer Processors :: essays research papers fc

Processors: Which is the best ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A processor is the chip inside a computer which carries out of the functions of the computer at various speeds. There are many processors on the market today. The two most well known companies that make processors are Intel and AMD. Intel produces the Pentium chip, with the most recent version of the Pentium chip being the Pentium 3. Intel also produces the Celeron processor (Intel processors). AMD produces the Athlon processor and the Duron processor (AMD presents).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Processor speeds are measured in megahertz (MHz) and now come in speeds of up to 1000 MHz (1 GHz), which is very fast. This is almost ten times faster than the speed of most home computers, which average from 133 MHz to 166 MHz. Intel and AMD have been in a race to break the 1 GHz speed barrier, and the number of megahertz in the newest processors is not as significant as it was in earlier processors. For example, the difference between a 133 MHz processor and a 166 MHz processor is rather large, but the difference between a 533 and a 566 is barely noticeable. This is because the companies are becoming more concerned about the number of megahertz in a processor that the actual speed is not keeping up with the megahertz number (AMD/Intel).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So, which processor is the best? It depends on what the computer is being used for. The AMD Athlon processor is the best processor when it comes to 3D games and handles games quite well (Athlon Processor Quotes). The Pentium 3 processor is not quite as good at handling games. From personal experience with a Celeron 566 processor, the Celeron does not do a very good job at handling 3D games and will often freeze during a game, but otherwise is a very good processor. The Pentium 3 is the best processor for handling office applications, but the Celeron and the AMD do a good job as well. In consideration of the price, the Celeron processor is the best priced processor and offers good performance (P3 vs. Celeron 2). The Celeron is about half the price of the Pentium 3 processor (P3 vs Celeron 2).

History of Arts Notes

WEEK 1 PREHISTORIC Hybrid figure, mammoth ivory, ca. 40,000-28,000 BCE – To make: split dry mammoth tusk, scarpe into shape (using sharp blad) – half human, half animal= human dressed as animal for hunting purpose Bear, Chauvet Cave, ca. 30,000-28,000 BCE – hand paintings, hand silhouettes depict animals – took advantage of walls – eg. bump creates bear's shoulder – discovered in 1994 So-called â€Å"Venus of Willendorf,† limestone, ca. 28,000-25,000 BCE – no naturalism- stress fertility emphasizing reproductive features= fertility object Spotted horses and human hands, Pech-Merle Cave, ca. 16,000-15,000 BCE – shamanism- belief in spirit world accessed through alternative states of consciousness – hand dots- can find how many artists painted in one cave – saliva, water, blood- MIXED- applied with brush, finger, moss, chewed stick, feather Rhinoceros, wounded man, and bison, Lascaux Cave, ca. 15,000-13,000 BCE – sense of power – pathetic, no power – powerful Hall of the bulls, Lascaux Cave, ca. 5,000-10,000 BCE – human never lived in Lascaux cave (no objects, remains ; instead; bear bones, torches) – not optical images; instead; COMPOSITE- many details of animal Stonehenge, ca. 2,100 BCE, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England – marked passing of time/seasons – megalith(stone forming prehistoric monument) in circles= CROMLECHS – simple structure= post and lintel Babylonian deed of sale, clay with cuneiform writing, ca. 1,750 BCE – refined pictogram pressed in series of wedge-shaped signs= CUNEIFORM – used for dministrative accounts ; poetry – invention of writing WEEK 2 SUMERIA;EGYPT Remains of the â€Å"White Temple† on its ziggurat, ca. 3500-3000 BCE Uruk, Iraq – Tripartite layout – from 3sides- can see ceremonial ascent of priest ; leaders – stairs- counter clockwise around mound= indirect approach= Mesopotamian temple archietecture Cylinder seal of priest-king feeding sacred sheep, ca. 3300 – cylindrical made of stone with hole running through centre – design carved into surface of seal- when pressed in soft clay= reverse im age unfoldStatues from Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, ca. 2700-2500BCE – maybe worshipers – exaggerated eyes- responding to God’s awe, warding off evil Relief Panel of Hesy-ra, ca. 2660 BC – wooden stele nonnaturalistic – 3000 years of same system of showing body – same composite artificial way of showin g body – SHOWS that it was much more important to follow tradition – instead of realism, point is not that they cannot make naturalistic art – this convention was chosen on purpose Imhotep, Step Pyramid and Necropolis of King Djoser, ca. 681-2662 BCE – made for King Djoser-ruled 2630-2611- king [email  protected] was NECROPOLIS-cemetery -encircling entire complex is rectangular stone wall stretchign over mile in length and 33ft high -DOMINANT FEATURE= STEPPED PYRAMID-oriented to cardinal points of compass – zygarat- elevate temple in mesopotamia- this is not a temple but a grave – this is only image of pa lace meant for eternity – there was a statue of king in center – believed that soul could live in a staute of king – statue enclosed in a room in center with windows and look out rest of complex so king could live eternily – monumental archeitectureRoyal Standard of Ur, ca. 2600 BCE – bottom= charioteers pulled bu oagers. Riding over enemies – middle= prisoners stripped of clothing ; armor are escorted – top= prisoners brought to central figure- head is off canvas – banquet= top= seated for banquet, cups raised to music played by harp – PANELS represent Kingship Prince Rahotep and Nofret, 2580 BCE – carved from limeston- softer than diorite- painted skin tones, hair, garments, jewelry – rahotep is government official and wife is dependent of king- ritualized gesture in full frontality – rigid frontality norm for royal and elite sculpturesPyramids of Menkaure, 2533-2515 BCE, Kafra, 2570-2544 BCE, and Khufu, 2601-2528 BCE, Giza pyramid only a part of necropolis- city of dead – King djoser had a mudbrick palace made of wood, mud brick, reeds – has archeitect which suggest how important buildling is – stones cut precicly so that they can interlock together and create smooth surface – pyramid 440ft tall- 45 stories Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty II, 2515 BCE – carved in one piece with an upright back slab, rigid frontality – almost identical height, left foot forward King is more muscular and half nude and queen draped in thin dress hemmed at ankles= smooth surfaces and high polishestablish appearance of unity – man both arms down and woman arms around man- dependent Seated Scribe, ca 2400 BCE, limestone -frontal, stiff in traditional poses – in earlier society- fat and marks of age could be signs of honour- experience – sallow cheeks, sagging jaw, loose stomach= social status: succeed in career, eats well, relies on s ubordinates to do physical work on his behalf Head of an Akkadian ruler, ca.2250-2200 BCE naram-sin (sargan’s grandson) – stretched Akkadian empires – explited art to reflect and establish power= abstract hair and beard= strong symmetry= contrl and order – damage done maybe by Medes- who invaded Nineveh= gaughe eyes, ears and nose hacked= as if really attacking person Great Ziggurat of King Urnammu, Ur, ca. 2100 BCE – Mud bricks: clay mixed with vegetable and straw to prevent clay cracking when dry – mud mixture put into wodden frames- knocked out and backed under sun – joined wall with wet clay – not durable so sealed with BITUMEN buttresses= articulate walls= impression of strength, lines= add dynamic energy, 100 steps Stele with the Law Code of Hammurabi, ca. 1760 BCE – TOP- hammurabi appears in relief- standing with arm raised in greeting before the enthroned sun-god Shamash- god's shoulders emanate sun rays- god ext ends hand, holding rope ring and the measuring rod of kingship= THIS GESTURE unifies scene's composition and purpose of the two leading characters – smaller scale of Hammurabi compared to seated god= â€Å"shepherd† rather than god himselfFemale figurine, 12th-13th dynasties (ca. 1650 BCE), faience – object placed in tombs along with dead – from tomb in Thebes, represents a schematized woman- legs stop at knees, restrict her mobility/ or legs maybe not essential to her function – painted cowrie-shell girdle to emphasize belly and hips, delineate breats and pubic area= function may have been as fertility objects, enhance family continuity – blue-green color of faience associated with fertility, regeneration and goddess hathor Temple of Hatshepsut, ca. 478-1458 BCE – New Kingdom funerary temple= Hatshepsut- female king – crowning pyramid- mastaba and terraces extending into cliff face – ascending white limestone courts, li nked by wide ramps on a central axis – trees lined entrance way and paired sphinxes faced each other Queen Hatshepsut kneeling, ca. 1473-1458 BCE – Hatshepsut kneeling as she makes offering – because kingship is male office, she wears regalia of a male king(kilt, false beard and nemes headdress(striped cloth worn by kings))Akhenaten and his family, 1355 BCE – akhenaten with family- consort Nefertiti and 3 oldest daughters – sun life-giving beams radiate downward with hands at their terminals- reed columns suggest scene is within garden pavilion stocked with wine jars – king and wife sit facing each othe on stools- hold daughters, on laps, in arms, uniting composition with animated gestures- contrast to STATIC quality of scenes of other times – emphasis on daughters’ childishness marks changeAkhenaten, 1353-1335 BCE – break dramatically long-established conventions for depicting royal subjects- different proportions- narr ow shoulders, lacking musculature, marked potbelly, wide hips, generous thighs, large lips, distinctive nose, chin, narrow eyes make face recognizable. Queen Tiy, 1352 BCE Akhenaten’s mother- used dark wood of yes tree with precious metls and semiprecious stones for details – downturned mouth and modeled lines running from sides of nose to mouth= advancing years – initially queen wore gold jewlry and silver headdress decorated with golden cobras= identify her with funerary goddesses Isis and Nepthys – wig embellished with glass beads topped with plumed crown Queen Nefertiti, 1348-1335 BCE – Nefertiti’s bust- plastered over limestone core and painted – left eye not inished- bust remained unfinished but elegance still derives from sculptor’s command of geometry The weighing of the heart and judgment of Osiris The Book of the Dead of Hunefer, 1285 BCE books of dead – instructions on how to escape the great beast and make it through afte rlife – needed to go ceremony and weight their heart with ostrich feather- if free from sin- heart should be lighter than ostrich feather Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel, ca. 1279-1213 BCE Ramesses commissioned most architectural projects- including monumental temple – king marked his claim to the land of Kush in Lower Nubia(origin of old, viroy and enimal pelts) – between statues’ legs- small figures represent member of royal family.INTERIOR- colossal figures of Ramesses- 32ft Fugitives crossing a river, ca. 883-859 BCE – walls covered with large scale stone reliefs – narrative images- painted in places for emphasis- glorified king with detailed depictions – archer and two women look on with hands raised NO RELATIVE SCALE, primary purpose of scenes to recount specific enemy conquests Gate of Citadel of Sargon II, with lamassu, 742-706 BCE (photo taken during excavation) – lamassu- great guaridian figures – powerful and terrifying deities to anyone who might enter – embody king's fearful authority- tall horned headdresses, deep-set eyes, powerful muscularity of legs and bodies Reconstruction of Citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin, ca. 21-705 BCE – Sargon II had plan for city of Dur Sharrukin where he had royal residence – unexcavated but estimate to cover a square mile – enclosed within an imposing mud-brick wall – 30 court yards- 200 rooms Lion hunt, ca. 645 BCE – king slay lion – way of demonstrating power over beast – EGYPT- royal lion hunts were events that took place in palace grounds – roal attendants released animals from cages into a square formed by troops with shields – ritual symbolic showcasing king's strength and serving as metaphor for military skillsPalette of King Narner, ca. 310-3125 BCE – TOP CENTER: hieroglyphs spell out narmer's name – BESIDE hieroglyphs= cow heads represent sky god dess – LEFT= King Narmer holds enemy by hair and raises mace- sign of kingship – KING- wears white crown of Upper Egypt and belt of kilt hangs tail of bull- symbole of power kings wear as part of ceremonial dress-larger scale establish authority – BOTTOM-enemy stripped of clothing- humiliateion – BEHIND king attendant carries king's sandals RIGHT of Narmer appears falcon holding rope – OTHER SIDE- king wears red crown of LOWER egypt- by sandal carrier and long-hared figure= FOLOWS FOUR people holding something to inspect bodies of prisoners with their heads between their legs – CENTRAL register= 2 animals roped by male figure- twist long necks to frame a circle in composition – symmetrical, balanced= ma'at – LOWER- bull rep. king attack city and tramples down enemy – COMMUNICATE BY!!!! ombine several diff types of signs on one object – some literal representations and symbolic representations- bull=strength â€⠀œ MESSAGE: king embodied unified UPPER and LOWER EGYPT- though human, he occupied divine office shown by placement of name in sky WEEK 3 GREEK Amphora with meander pattern and funeral, ca. 750 BCE – vase from cemetery- known as Dipylon Vase- one of a group of large vessels Athenians used as funerary markers over burials- holes in its base allowed mourners to pour liquid offerings during funerary rituals- ashes of dead inside vases placedBlack-figured amphora Exekias, Achilles and Ajax Playing Dice, ca. 540-530 BCE – black-figured technique- painted design in black silhouette against reddish clay- incised details into design with needls, painted white and purple over black to make chosen areas stand out – Athenian amphora- signed by Exekias- both potter and painter- painting shows Homeric heroes Achilles and Ajax playing dice- episode not exist in surviving literary sources- two figures lean on their spears; shields stacked behind them – black silhouettes create rhythmical composition, symmetrical around table in centerKouros, ca. 540-525 BCE (means youth) – male- slim, broad-shouldered, left leg forward, arms by side, clenched fists, shoulders, hips and knees are level Kore, ca. 530 BCE (wearing a peplos) (means maiden) – female- -BOTH HAVE stylized wig-like hair, show techniques and proportional systems used by Egyptian sculptors- rigid, frontal, four distinct sides, no backslab, (GREEK: space between forms, public nudity acceptable for males/not females. EGYPT: figures embedded in stone. forced nudity on slaves) Red-figured amphora: Euthymides, Dancing revelers, ca. 510-500 BCE – black-fig. imit artist to incision for detail- develop red-figured tech- scence not dependent on profiles- freedom with brush translates into freedom of movement in dancing- range of poses, twisting bodies, age of intensive and self-conscious experimentation Red-figured kylix (wine cup) Douris painter, Eos and Memnon, ca.490-480 BCE – Eos, goddess of dawn lifts limp body of her dead son, Memnon whom Achilles killed- Douris(maker)- traces contours of limbs beneath drapery and balances vigorous outlines with more delicate strokes- dead weight of memnon’s body contrats with lift of Eos’ wings Kritios Boy’, ca. 480 BCE (marble) – contrapposto – weight shifted creating asymmetry in two sides of his body. Knee of forward leg is lower than the other, right hip is thrust down and in, left hip up and out, axis of body not straight vertical line, reversed S-curve – stands at ease- CHIASTIC POSE (balanced asymmetry of relaxed natural stance) – muscles suggest motion Temple of Hera II at Paestum, ca. 460 BCE building made of DORIC order simple capital, no base, columns sit directl on step platform – columns look massive, little space between them – archeitects worried about rooms falling down Zeus or Poseidon, ca. 460-450 BCE, bronze – nude bronze from sea near Greek coast- 7ft tall- depicts spread-eagled male figure in act of throwing- Zeus casting thunderbolt or Poseidon throwing his trident. -sculptor catures and contrasts vigorous action and firm stability- express god’s awe-inspiring power.Shows artist’s understand of bodies in motion and also knowledge of strength of bronze= allow god’s arms to stretch out without support. Warrior, ca. 450 BCE, found in the sea off of Riace, Italy – over-life-size figure found in sea near Riace- used lost-wax technique- not just cutting away stone- artist build clay model- where marble absorb light, bronze surface reflect= explore surface texture for hair and skin Roman copy after a bronze original by Myron, Diskobolos, ca. 50 BCE – bronze, Myron condensed a sequence of movements into single pose, achieved through violent twist of torso that brings the arms into same place as legs -Pose conveys essence of action by presenting coiled figure in perfect balance Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, 447-432 BCE – building made when athens was at war- created by money in military- dominant temple on Akropolis- Perikles conceived it to play focal role in cult of Athena- chief center of cult practice remained on Erechtheion(north f Parthenon)- built of gleaming white marble- Architects Iktinor and Kallikrates – OCTASTYLE(eight-column arrangement)- continuous sculpted frieze runs around all sides in variation of Ionic style- depicts procession moving from west-east- horsemen jostle with musicians,water carriers, sacrificial beasts- figures overlap to create illusion of crowd- encircling colonnade gave impression that visitor can approach temple from all sides.– appears less massive than TEMPLE OF HERA II at PAESTUM= columns more slender, capitals smaller and less flaring-cornice projects less. East freize of the Parthenon, ca. 440 BCE part of festival held to honor Athena- exalts mortal Greeks by deicting them in spac e reserved for divine and mythological scenes. – cloth is a new robe for Athena(woven by Athenian girls and depicting Athen’as triumph against giants in gigantomachy) Model of Pheidias, Athena Parthenos, ca. 438 BCE – enormous statue of Athena by sculptor PHEIDIAS- stood with one hand supporting a personification of Victory, and shield resting against her side. Figure out of ivory and gold(combo known as CHRYSTELEPHANTINE)- supported by wooden armature- valuable Three goddesses, from the east pediment of the Parthenon, ca. 38-432 BCE – Hestia, Dione and Aphrodite (recent, Leto, Artemis, Aphrodite)- pediment figures embedded in building- forms are strong and solid- masterpiece of swirling drapery, garments cling to bodies beneath as if wet- drapery not follow lines of body- there is twisting around legs(struggle with them) Temple of Athena Nike, 427-424 BCE, Akropolis, Athens (ionic order) – has a bas- thinner columns- taller- fluting on columns is like womens robe or skirt- base is like shoes- more feminin and elegant- tiny temple of athena nike- godess of wisdom and war- nike= VictoriaAkropolis, Athens, 421-405 BCE – dedicated to goddess Athena Erechtheion, 421-405 BCE, Akropolis, Athens – Mnesikles’ project-architext had to deal with difficult terrain- built to serve several religious functions- included four rooms and basement on western side- two porches attached to its flanks- one dedicated to Poseidon face north and is main entrance- smaller one juts out toward ParthenonErechtheion, Porch of the Maidens 421-405 BCE, Akropolis, Athens – 6 caryatids of columns support roof- represent women of Caryae (city-state in Peloponnese that formed alliance with Persians in Persian wars)- when war over, Greeks took women as slaves- architects THUS designed images of these women to bear the burden of their state’s dishonor in perpetuity Nike, from the balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike, ca. 10- 407 BCE – Nike taking off sandles-about to step on holy ground-wings keep her stable so she performs awkward act with elegance and ease- Pheidian style evident in deeply cut folds of her â€Å"wet look† garments clinging to her body and fall in deep swags between her legs. Grave stele of Hegeso, ca. 410-400 BCE – Pheidian style recognizable in drapery and also in smooth planes of faces- delicacy of carving clear in forms fathest away from viewer- servant’s left arm, veil behind Hegeso’s right hsoulder= relief merges with background strengthening illusion that background is empty space rather than solid surface.Roman copy after an original by Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos original from ca. 340-330 BCE – first nude monumental statue of godess in Greek world- about to bathe, or rising from bath- right hand, she covers nudity in gesture of modesty, grasping for robe with her left- head slightly turned so does not engage viewer’s gaze di rectly Roman copy after an original by Praxiteles, Hermes and the infant Dionysius original from ca. 320-310 BCE – Hermes holding infant Dionysos- sandals=roman in style- chiastic pose is exaggerated and creates fuly relaxed curve of torso- youthful more than athleticWEEK 4 ROMAN & ITALY Ara Pacis Augustae, 13-9 BCE – Republican practice of commissioning narrative reliefs to record specific events- reliefs mounted on public buildings and monuments(ara pacias augustae) Imperial procession, Ara Pacis Augustae, 13-9 BCE below: Parthenon frieze, ca. 440 BCE – inclusion of women and small children= denote importance of dynasty as well as referring to moral legislation Augustus enacted to promote child-birth among the elite. Roman copies of a Greek original by Lysippos, Portrait of Alexander the Great, original late 4th C.BCE – to have idealized quality- planes are smooth especially around brow and individuality emerge in unruly hair, raised at fron (cowlick) a nd twist of head- does not engage with a viewer- has distant gaze The Abduction of Persephone, wall painting in Tomb 1, Vergina, ca. 340-330 BCE – from small tomb at Vergina- subject=abduction of Persephone- appropriate to funeral setting-Pluto-carries away Persephone to be queen-pluto seizes Persephone into speeding chariot-her handmaiden rearing back in fright The Battle of Alexander and the Persians mosaic copy of ca. 00 BCE of a Hellenistic painting of ca. 315 BCE – roman copies of Greek wall painting- may be copy of Philoxenos’ painting- depicts Darius and the fleeing Persians on right and damaged left-hand portiong depict figure of Alexander- mosaic- follows four—color scheme(yellow,red,black,white)- widely used in late 4th century Portrait, called â€Å"Brutus,† ca. 300 BCE rome- develop upon greek style-form art that became popular in this period= REALISTIC PORTRAIT lips thin, lips one over the other, overbite= similar notion of greek empha sis on individual = maybe a republican ideal, showing elf as god, flaws, suggest philosophical stance Epigonos of Pergamon (? ), Dying Gaul trumpeter, perhaps a Roman copy of a bronze original of ca.230-220 BCE – found in Sanctuary of Athena on Akropolis of Pergamon- sculptor identifies enemy as Gaul through his bushy hair and moustache and by torque around his neck(braided gold band)- dies sinking quietly to ground/struggling to prop imself up as blood pours from wound in chest. Drunken old woman and market woman, Roman copies of originals of ca. 00 BCE – depict unidealized and realistic everyday life- genre=Hellenistic realism- Roman- crouches on ground, clasping wine bottle, head flung far back-wrinkles cover face, skin on her exposed shoulder and chest sags with age- wears buckled tunic= identify as member of wealthy social class- (other sculptures of this kind focus on rustic life on poor) Nike of Samothrace, ca. 190 BCE – celebrates naval victories-nike-me ans victory- of Eudamos- Rhodian marble of sculpture’s base suggest sculpture comes from Rhodes.Victory goddess seems to be landing on prow of ship as if to bestow crown of victory upon Eudamos- maybe about to take flight, massive wings soar out behind her, wings make statue appear weightless despite mass of stone- neither leg holds the body’s full weight. Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, ca. 166-156 BCE – Eumenes II or Attalos II built it to commemorate territorial victories over Pontos and Bithynia and establishment of a grand victory festival(Nikephoria). Altar stood high on a podium with large rectangular encloser defined by Ionic colonnade. wide staircase at fron provided access. Stood on Pergamene Akropolis- reconstructed in Berlin-frieze encircle base-extends 400ft in length and 7ft in height-subject is battle of Gods and Giants Athena and the giants, from the frieze of the Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, ca. 166-156 BCE – muscular bodies rush at each other, overlapping, entwining, wings beat and barments blow in wind or twist around those they robe, texture contrasts with smoothness of giants’ flesh. -giants’ emotion – agonize in torment of defeat- brows creased in painSanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste, early 1st C. BCE -in italy- made to celebrate military victory of sola- oracular center where priests interpreted divine will- architec used concrete to mold structures over entire surface of hillside and to craft spaces- sanctuary ascend in 7 levels- BOTTOM=basilica&senate house- UPPOER TERRACE=rose in grand crescendo-4TH=colonnaded exedrae framed altars Wall paintings from the villa of Publius Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale, mid 1st.Century BCE – second style- employed architectural vistas to open wall into a fantasy realm suggest another world beyond room Portrait of a man, early 1st century BCE – wrinkles cover face, etching deep crags into cheeks and brows- depicted distinguis hing marks=warts,hooked nose, receding hairline Temple of Portunus, Rome, ca. 80-70 BCE – borrow Greek forms- in Italic style- stands on podium and engaged lateral columns emphasize frontal approach- Ionic coluns have slender proportions of Classical Greek temples Scenes of Dionysiac mystery cult, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompei, ca. 0-50 BCE – 1st of MAU’S FOUR STYLES OF PAINTING-(4 styles of roman wall painting=: used paint and stucco to imitate expensive colored marble paneling- lower part of walla(the dado) and upper section above the cornice level are painted in rich mottled colors to resemble exotic stoneWall painting of a garden, Villa of Livia at Primaporta, ca. 20 BCE fresco -dining room- painted on all of the walls and ceiling so it looks like you are in a garden- frescos on all sides- light hitting different kinds of leaves- birds- leaves move in the wind- moving sensation Augustus of Primaporta, possibly a later copy of an original of ca. 0 CE  œ depicted as ageless youth- appears in battledress with arm raised in gesture of address- – romans clothe sculptures, relaxed gesture- armor- pictures of his family, battles- represent life in armor- showing status- romans show specificperson- more political purpose, leading war with hand, armor, heigh preist, leader-CUPID=rides dolphin- acts as strut to strengthen marble- dolphin eoked sea Wall paintings, Ixion room, House of the Vettii, Pompei, 63-79 CE – fourth style- united aspects of all three preceding styles tocreate extravagant effect- combine imitationmarble paneling, framed mythological scenes resembling panel pictures set into wall Atrium of the House of the Vettii, Pompei, 2nd century BCE-79 CE – eilte Roman house-distinct feature=atrium-square of oblong central hall lit by opening in roof with shallow pool(impluvium) in ground to collect rainwater-airy quality=grandeur upon house, romans kept portraits of ancestorsWEEK 5ROMAN & BYZANTINE Icon of th e Madonna Enthroned, late 13th c. CE, tempera Interior, Cathedral of Monreale, Italy, 1180-1190 CE Interior, St. Mark’s, Venice, begun 1063 CE Dome with mosaic of the Pantocrator, 11th c. CE Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece Crucifixion, mosaic, 11th c. CE Church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece Emperor Justinian and his attendants, 547 CE mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna Empress Theodora and her attendants, 547 CE mosaic, San Vitale, Ravenna Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (previously Constantinople), 532-7 CE San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-47 CE Interior, San Vitale, Ravenna, 526-47 CEIcon of Christ, 6th c. CE, encaustic Iconoclasm Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 425-50 CE Good Shepherd, mosaic, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 425-50 CE The Good Shepherd and Stories of Jonah, 4th c. CE Catacomb of Ss. Pietro e Marcellino, Rome Constantine the Great, early 4th century CE – large and deeply carved eyes- see something beyond t his world-soft modeling to cheeks and mouth-more natural than tetrach-full cap of hair and absense of beard it reference to Trajan and Augustus Santa Costanza, Rome, ca. 350 CE Interior of Old St. Peter’s, Rome, built 324-400 CE (drawing by Jacopo Grimaldi, 1619) – Arch of Constantine, Rome, 312-315 CE people of rome dedicated triple-bayed arch to Constantine near colosseum to celebrate 10 year anniversary- largest imperial arches- little of sculptural relief on its surface was specifically designed for this monument- – free-standing Dacian capties on attic originated in Trajan’s Forum as did Trajanic Frieze on ends of attic and inside central bay- Arch of Constantine, 312-315 CE detail of Hadrianic rondels and Constantinian relief Constantine addressing a crowd, Arch of Constantine, 312-15 CE – figures crowd the scene- heads are disproportionatel large- bodies stocky- poses unnaturally rigid- lines cared on flat surface render anatomical details- second row of heards arranged above first indicates recession- The Tetrarchs, 305 CE, porphyry during tetrachy-portraiture took radically abstract quality- two porphyry sculptural groups mounted on columns- each group shows two tetrachs in elaborate military dress with bird-headed sword hilts and flat pannonian caps=represent powerful Illyrian officer class-proportions are squat and nonnaturalistic, facial features abstract rather than individualized.=portrait suggest authority resides in office of emperor not in who holds office. =sameness of portraits underlines the tetrachs equality-porphyry-hard Egyptian stone reserved for imperial use Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, 130-138 CE – emperor built magnificient residence for self- built on site of Republican villa- villa’s form follo natural line of landscape but massive earthworks rearranged terrain to accommodate architecture – water is a common feature- in pools, running channels=adding sound,motion,reflecting light, offering coolness in summer heat-canal has been known as CANOPUS Pantheon, Rome, 117-125 CE Augustus’ right-han dman=Agrippa built first Pantheon-name intended it as temple to gods- fire destroyed this temple and Domitian built reconstruction- Pantheon now work of Trajan’s architect=APOLLODORUS- completed in Hadrian’s reign-In roman times pantheon stood raised on a podium at south end of large rectangular court-octastyle facade- dome pierced with 27ft hole(OCULUS open to sky)- 143ft(total interior height is also dome’s diameter=sphere=eternity and perfection Trajan’s Column, Rome, 106-113 CE (height 38 m) – support gilded statue of emperor- winding through interior of shaft is a spiral staircase leading to a viewing platform- credited as work of Apollodorus-role as velvedere(viewing station) Titus riding in triumph, Arch of Titus, 81 CE rides triumphal chariot, high above a teeming crowd- horses appear in profile but chariot is front al=illusion that procession is approaching viwer before turning sharply- behind emperor-personification of victory crowns him for his success Procession of spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, 81 CE – soldiers carry booty through the streets including seven-branched menorah and other sacred furniture looted from Temple- panel marks important move toward spatial illusionism Colosseum, Rome, 72-80 CE – held over 50 000 spectators-concrete-faced with travertine- 80 arched entrances led into building framed with tuscan columns- second story, Ionic columns framed second set of arches, third engaged Corinthian columns. WEEK 6Sinan, Mosque of Selim II, 1569-74, Edirne, Turkey Sultan-Muhammed, Allegory of Heavenly and Earthly Drunkenness, from a manuscript of the Divan of Hafiz, 1529 Detail of a carpet from Iran, ca. 1575-1600 Behzad, Poor man refused admittance to a mosque, from a manuscript of the Bostan of Sa’di, 1486 CE Court of the Lions, Alhambra, 1 4th c. CE, Granada, Spain Dome, Hall of the Abencerrajes, Alhambra, 14th c. CE, Granada, Spain Cloak of Roger II of Sicily, 12th c. CE The Temptation and Fall, Doors of Bishop Bernward, Hildesheim Cathedral, ca. 1015 CE Detail of qibla wall, Great Mosque, Cordoba, 10th c. CE Interior of Prayer Hall, Great Mosque, Cordoba, 8th-10th c.CE St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims, 816-835 CE St. Matthew, from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne, ca. 800-810 CE Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler, 9th C Kufic script from a Qu’ran, 9th c. Chi Rho Iota Page, Book of Kells, ca. 800 CE St. Matthew, Lindisfarne Gospels, tempera on vellum, ca. 700 CE Cross Page, Lindisfarne Gospels, tempera on vellum, ca. 700 CE Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, ca. 690 and later Interior, Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, ca. 690 CE and later Belt buckle, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE Purse cover, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE Clasp, Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, ca. 600-650 CE